PUMPS FANs NPSH

PUMPS and FANS
Centrifugal Pumps
• Centrifugal pumps come in various
configurations and impeller styles.
• Using the manufacturer’s computer
selection program is the easiest way to
efficiently match a pump to a new
application
• Getting a pump that’s best suited for
application and flow requirements is
cost effective when considering the
costs of purchasing a pump (versus its
long-term energy costs)
Classification of
Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Net Positive Suction Head - NPSH is the
total suction head in feet of liquid absolute
determined at the suction nozzle and
referred to datum, less vapor pressure of
the liquid in feet absolute.
Net Positive Suction Head
(NPSH)
NPSH Available (NPSHA): The absolute
pressure at the suction port of the pump.
NPSH Required (NPSHR): The minimum
pressure required at the suction port of the
pump to keep the pump from cavitating.
NOTE: NPSHA is a function of your system and must be
calculated, whereas NPSHR is a function of the pump and must
be provided by the pump manufacturer.
Cavitation
• If the pump pulls or “sucks” too hard at the
incoming fluid, the fluid will tend to apart or
vaporize. This vaporization and the subsequent
bubble implosion at the impeller face.
• It usually manifests itself in vibration and noise,
impeller pitting, and a drop in head and efficiency.
NOTE: No cavitation will occur as long as the NPSH is

sufficiently high. NPSH is the head at the inlet pipe flange
above vapor pressure.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
• A Peerless Type 4AE11 centrifugal
pump is tested at 1750 rpm using a flow
system. The water level in the inlet
reservoir is 3.5 ft above the pump
centerline; the inlet line consists of 6 ft
of 5 in. diameter straight cast-iron pipe,
a standard elbow, and a fully open gate
valve. Calculate the net positive suction
head available (NPSHA) at the pump
inlet at a volume flow rate of 1000 gpm
of water at 80F. Compare the NPSHR
by the pump at this flow rate. Compare
NPSHA for water at 80F and 180F.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A condensate pump draws water from a
condenser which maintains a pressure head of
724 mm vacuum. The friction losses at the
piping system between the pump and the
condenser is measured to be 1.5m. Determine
the minimum height of water level in the
condenser that needs to be maintained if the
NPSH required for the pump is 3.5m.
Axial and Mixed Flow Pumps
• Axial and mixed flow pumps are
generally used for low head
applications where a high flow volume
is desired.
• Axial flow pumps act like propeller. The
fluid moves parallel to the axis of
rotation
• Best application: low head irrigation
and drainage.
• Sometimes used in municipal water works
for low head applications
• Axial and mixed flow pumps are able to
handle dirty liquids with some solids
content. They are not all that common in
industrial applications
( 𝛾 −1) /𝛾
𝛾 𝑅𝑇 1 𝑃2

− 𝑊 𝑠=
𝛾 −1 𝑀 [( )
𝑃1
−1
]
Fans and
Compressor
2.3026 𝑅𝑇 1 𝑃2
− 𝑊 𝑠= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑀 𝑃1
Sample Problem
• A single – stage compressor is to compress
7.56 x 10-3 kg mol/s of methane gas at 26.7C
and 137.9 kPa abs to 551.6 kPa abs.
a. Calculate the power required if the
mechanical efficiency is 80% and the
compression is adiabatic.
b. Repeat, but for isothermal compression.
Simplified Affinity Laws
Pitot Bernoulli Equation:
Tube 2 2
𝑣 1 𝑣 2 𝑃1 − 𝑃2
− + =0
2 2 𝜌
𝑎𝑡 𝑣 2 =0
2(𝑃 ¿ ¿2 − 𝑃1 )
𝑣=𝐶 𝑃
√ 𝜌
(𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )¿
Pressure Drop:
∆
𝑃 =∆ h ( 𝜌 𝐴 − 𝜌 ) 𝑔
Where,
= density of the fluid in the manometer
= the manometer reading in mm
Example
To account the small friction loss, experimental
coefficient ( is introduced
𝐶𝑣 2( 𝑝 1 − 𝑝 2)
𝑣2 =
√1 − ( 𝐷 / 𝐷 )
2 1
4
√ 𝜌
Mass flow rate (for gases):
𝐶𝑣 𝐴2𝑌
𝑚= 4
√ 2(𝑃 1 − 𝑃 2) 𝜌1
√ 1− ( 𝐷 2 / 𝐷1 )
EXAMPLE:
It is desired to meter methanol at 20°C flowing
through 10-cm-diameter pipe. The expected flow
rate is about 0.02 m3/s. Two flowmeters are
available: a venture nozzle and a thin-plate
orifice, each with d = 4 cm. The differential
pressure gage on hand is most accurate at about
200–300 kPa. Which meter is better for this job?

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PUMPS and FANS

NOTE: No cavitation will occur as long as the NPSH is

Mass flow rate (for gases):

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