Ma5355 Ttpde Unit 1 Class 4
Ma5355 Ttpde Unit 1 Class 4
Ma5355 Ttpde Unit 1 Class 4
TRANSFORM TECHNIQUES
AND
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1
Overview
Parseval’s Formula or Parseval’s Identity
Harmonic Analysis
Complex form of Fourier series
2
Parseval’s identity
If Fourier series for converges uniformly in then
c 2
1 2 2
f ( x) dx c a0 (an bn )
2
c 2 n 1
Corollary
1) If in, then,
2c 2
1 2
f ( x ) dx c a0 ( a n 2 bn 2 )
0 2 n 1
3
2) If the half-range cosine series for in is
, then,
c 2
c 1
2
f ( x) dx a0 an
2
2 2
0 n 1
3) If the half-range sine series for in is
, then,
c 2
c
0
f (x) dx
2
n 1
bn2
4
Root Mean Square (rms) value
The root mean square value of the function over an interval
is defined as
b
[ f ( x )] dx
2
a
f ( x ) rms
b a
Solution
2
cos x cos 2 x cos3 x cos 4 x
f ( x) x 4 2 2 2 2 ...
2
3 1 2 3 4
6
The Fourier coefficients contain terms
But we require the sum of their squares
2 n 1
7
5 4 ∞
1 2𝜋 1 4𝜋 16
= +∑ 4
𝜋 5 2 9 𝑛=1 𝑛 [ ]
4 4 ∞
2𝜋 2𝜋 16
⟹
5
= + [ ]∑
9 𝑛=1 𝑛4
4 4 ∞
⟹
1 2𝜋
16 5
− [ [ ]] ∑
2𝜋
9
=
𝑛=1
1
𝑛
4
4 ∞
𝜋 1
⟹ [ ]∑
=
90 𝑛 =1 𝑛 4
8
2.Prove that in ,
Solution
a0 n x
f ( x) an cos
2 n 1 l
l l
2
l
2 2 x
2
2 l 2
l 0
a0 f ( x ) dx x dx 0 l
l l 2 0 l 2
0
l l
2 n x 2 n x
an
l
0
f ( x ) cos
l
dx x cos
l 0 l
dx
9
l
n x n x
sin cos
2 l (1) l
( x )
l n n 2 2
l l 2
0
2 (1) n l 2 l 2 2l
0 2 2 0 2 2
2 2
( 1) n
1
l n n n
4 l
2 2, when n is odd
an n
0 , when n is even
The half-range cosine series is
a0
n x l 4l n x
f ( x) a n cos 2 2 cos
2 n 1 l 2 n odd n l
10
The Fourier coefficient contains
But we want the sum of the squares .
So we use Parseval’s theorem
l 2
2 a0
l 0
2
[ f ( x )] 2
dx a n
2 n 1
l
2 l 2
16l 2
( x) dx 4 4
2
l 0 2 n odd n
l
2 x 3
l 2 16l 2 1 1 1
4 14 34 54 ...
l 3 0 2
2l 2 l 2 16l 2 1 1 1
4
14 34 54 ...
3 2
11
l 2 16 l 2 1 1 1
4
14 34 54 ...
6
4 1 1 1
4 4 4 ...
96 1 3 5
3.Find the RMS value of in
Solution
The root mean square value =
3 1
0−1
1
¿
√[ (1− 𝑥)
−3 ] 0
❑
¿
−3√ ¿
3 √
12
Practical Harmonic Analysis
In harmonic analysis the Fourier coefficients of the
function are given by
13
1 2
a0 2
2 0
f ( x ) dx
2 mean of f ( x) in 0, 2
1 2
an 2
2 0
f ( x ) cos nxdx
2 mean of f ( x) cos nx in 0, 2
1 2
bn 2
2 0
f ( x) sin nxdx
2 mean of f ( x) sin nx in 0, 2
Similarly, we can obtain the harmonics for Fourier series
in ,Half-range sine and cosine series.
14
NOTE:
The term in Fourier series is called the fundamental or
first harmonic.
The term in Fourier series is called the second
harmonic and so on.
is called the amplitude of the first harmonic.
is called the amplitude of the second harmonic and so
on.
15
Problems
1. Find the Fourier series expansion up to second
harmonic from the following data:
2 4 5
x: 0 2
3 3 3 3
f ( x) : 10 12 15 20 17 11 10
Solution
Since the last value of y is a repetition of the first, only
the first six values will be used.
a0
Fourier series is f (x) (an cos n x bn sin n x)
2 n 1
a0
f ( x) a1 cos x a2 cos 2 x b1 sin x b2 sin 2 x
2 16
x y y cos x y cos 2x y sin x y sin 2x
0 10
π/3 12
2π/3 15
π 20
4π/3 17
5π/3 11
Total 85
17
x y y cos x y cos 2x y sin x y sin 2x
0 10 10 10 0 0
π/3 12 6 –6 10.392 10.392
2π/3 15 –7.5 –7.5 12.99 –12.99
π 20 –20 20 0 0
4π/3 17 –8.5 –8.5 –14.722 14.722
5π/3 11 5.5 –5.5 –9.526 –9.526
Total 85 –14.5 2.5 –0.866 2.598
18
Here n = 6
y 85
a 0 2 [mean value of y ] 2 2 6 28.333
n
y cos x 14.5
a1 2 [mean value of y cos x] 2 2 4.833
n 6
y cos 2 x 2.5
a 2 2 [mean value of y cos 2 x] 2 2 6 0.833
n
19
y sin x 0.866
b1 2 [mean value of y sin x] 2 2 6 0.289
n
y sin 2 x 2.598
b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 x] 2 2 6 0.866
n
28.333
f ( x) 4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x
2
(i.e.) f ( x) 14.1665 4.833 cos x 0.833 cos 2 x 0.289 sin x 0.866 sin 2 x
20
2.Find the Fourier series expansion up to third harmonic
from the following data:
x: 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) : 9 18 24 28 26 20
Solution
Here the length of the interval is 6
=3
(i.e.) 2c = 6
a0
n x n x
Fourier series is f ( x) a n cos bn sin
2 n 1 3 3
a0 x 2 x 3 x x 2 x 3 x
f ( x) a1 cos a2 cos a3 cos b1 sin b2 sin b3 sin
2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a
(i.e.) f ( x) 0 a1 cos a2 cos 2 a3 cos 3 b1 sin b2 sin 2 b3 sin 3
2
x
where
3 21
x y θ=πx/3 y cos θ y cos 2θ y cos 3θ y sin θ y sin 2θ y sin 3θ
0 9 0
1 18 π/3
2 24 2π/3
3 28 π
4 26 4π/3
5 20 5π/3
Total 125
22
x y θ=πx/3 y cos θ y cos 2θ y cos 3θ y sin θ y sin 2θ y sin 3θ
0 9 0 9 9 9 0 0 0
3 28 π –28 28 –28 0 0 0
23
Here n = 6
y 125
a 0 2 [mean value of y ] 2 2 6 41.667
n
y cos 25
a1 2 [mean value of y cos ] 2 2 8.333
n 6
y cos 2 7
a 2 2 [mean value of y cos 2 ] 2 2 2.333
n 6
y cos 3 7
a3 2 [mean value of y cos 3 ] 2 2 2.333
n 6
24
y sin 3.464
b1 2 [mean value of y sin ] 2 2 6 1.155
n
y sin 2 0
b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 ] 2 2 0
n 6
y sin 3 0
b3 2 [mean value of y sin 3 ] 2 2 0
n 6
41.667
f ( x) 8.333cos 2.333cos 2 2.333cos 3 1.155sin 0sin 2 0sin 3
2
(i.e.) f ( x) 20.833 8.333cos 2.333cos 2 2.333cos 3 1.155sin
x
where
3
25
3. The following table gives the variation of periodic
current over a period T
t sec
26
𝑎0 2𝜋 𝑡 4 𝜋𝑡 2𝜋 𝑡 4𝜋𝑡
𝐴= +𝑎1 cos +𝑎2 cos + 𝑏1 sin +𝑏 2 sin
2 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
Put
𝑎0
∴ 𝐴= +𝑎 1 cos 𝜃 +𝑎2 cos 2 𝜃 +𝑏1 sin 𝜃 +𝑏2 sin 2 𝜃
2
and values of are
27
t y=A y cos θ y cos 2θ y sin θ y sin 2θ
t y=A y cos θ y cos 2θ y sin θ y sin 2θ
0 1.98 0
0 1.98 0
1.30 π/3
1.30 π/3
1.05 2π/3
1.05 2π/3
1.30 π
1.30 π
-0.88 4π/3
-0.88 4π/3
-0.25 5π/3
-0.25 5π/3
Total
Total
28
t y=A y cos θ y cos 2θ y sin θ y sin 2θ
29
Here n = 6
y 4.5
a0 2 [mean value of y ] 2 2 1.5
n 6
y cos 1.12
a1 2 [ mean value of y cos ] 2 2 0.373
n 6
y cos 2 2.67
a2 2 [ mean value of y cos 2 ] 2 2 6 0.89
n
30
y sin 3.014
b1 2 [ mean value of y sin ] 2 2 1.005
n 6
y sin 2 0.328
b2 2 [mean value of y sin 2 ] 2 2 0.109
n 6
Direct current part =
31
Amplitude of the first harmonic
2 2
¿ √ (0.373) +(1.005) =1.072
Amplitude of the second harmonic
2 2
¿ √ (0.89) +(−0.109) =0.897
32
Complex form of Fourier Series
ei e i ei e i
But since cos sin
2 2i
f ( x ) can be expressed as
n x n x n x n x
i i i i
a0
e c e c e c e c
f ( x) an bn
2 n 1 2 2i
33
i nc x i
n x
f ( x) c0 cn e c n e c
(2)
n 1
1 1 1
where c0 a0 , cn an ibn , c n an ibn
2 2 2
c in x in xc
1 1
and cn f ( x)e c dx ; c n f ( x)e c dx for n 0, 1, 2,....
2l c 2l c
1 l inl x 2l
in x
cn
0 e dx e l
dx
2l
0 l
in x 2l
l
e l
2l in l
2 in ni
e e
2n i 35
1 1
n
2n i
i
1 1
n
2n
i in x
f ( x) (1 ( 1) )e
n
n 2 n l
36