Electronic Circuits in An Automotive Environment: Herman Casier AMI Semiconductor Belgium
Electronic Circuits in An Automotive Environment: Herman Casier AMI Semiconductor Belgium
Electronic Circuits in An Automotive Environment: Herman Casier AMI Semiconductor Belgium
in an
Automotive Environment
Herman Casier
AMI Semiconductor Belgium
[email protected]
Outline 1
Introduction
Automotive Market and trends
Characteristics of Electronics in a car
Automotive Electronics Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Technology Node
(µm)
10 BIMOS-7µm
SBIMOS-3µm
HBIMOS-2µm
1.0 I2T-0.7µm
CMOS I3T-0.35µm
0.1
B$
B$
50 Dashboard Instr.
40 Auto Stereo 10
GPS
30
ABS
20 5
Engine Control units
10
0 0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2003 2004 2005 2006
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EMC
EMC &&
Automotive High
High Voltage
Voltage
Automotive
transients High
High Temp.
Temp.
transients
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EMC
EMC && High
High
Automotive
Automotive Voltage
Voltage
transients
transients High
High Temp.
Temp.
Implications
Design : 6 sigma approach
Test: high test coverage (digital and analog),
test at different temperatures
IDDQ, Vstress for early life-time failures
Packaging : high reliability
Implications
Fault tolerant system set-up
Worst Case Design including EMC disturbance
DFMEA (Design Failure Mode and Effect Analysis)
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EMC
EMC && High
High Voltage
Voltage
Automotive
Automotive
transients
transients High
High Temp.
Temp.
DC
G 14 Volt loads
DC
Alternator
Battery 2 Battery 1
42Volt 14 Volt
-2 0 18 21 30 50 58
maximum dynamic
overvoltage (load dump)
maximum continuous generator
voltage including ripple
nominal voltage
minimum continuous operating voltage
ground
minimum start voltage: 18V @ 15msec, 21V @ 500msec
non-continuous battery reversal: -2V @ 100msec
0 7 9 14 19 40
maximum dynamic
overvoltage (load dump)
ground maximum continuous generator voltage
battery reversal nominal voltage
minimum continuous operating voltage
minimum start voltage
-2 0 18 21 30 50 62 70 80
fabrication margin
Fuse
Sense inputs can
Vreg be above or below
Rsense V
level Lamp OK VDDA
shift
CMOS V(Rsense) detection
Lamp logic
Fuse OK
Accuracy < 10mV
level
Vref
shift
Switch Output: low voltage
CMOS levels
Rsense
CMOS
Lamp logic
Switch
D D D D Cext
Vbatt
D
D external
NDMOS D D D D
Aout
Vcc D D
D D
Vcc D D D D
LOAD
OSC. ON OFF
Ain
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EMC
EMC && High
High Voltage
Voltage
Automotive
Automotive
transients
transients High
High Temp.
Temp.
High temperatures :
Engine compartiment, brakes, lamps …
e.g. engine switch-off stops cooling and engine
heat distributes. Engine restart however must
work correctly
Typical specifications for Automotive ICs today :
125 … 150degC ambient with short peaks up to
170 … 200degC. (power devices go higher)
Requirements are increasing.
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EMC
EMC && High
High
Automotive
Automotive Voltage
Voltage
transients
transients High
High Temp.
Temp.
EME examples
Unwanted EME sources
switching of heavy or inductive loads: lamps, start-
motor, ignition …
fast switching circuits: digital circuits …
Wanted EME sources
mobile phones, CB transmitters, radio stations … :
2004 11 29 AID-EMC / HC / Electronic Circuits in an Automotive Environment slide: 65
EMC : Compliance tests
Examples:
Anechoic Chamber
tests (600-700 V/m)
Environment tests
(radio station)
……..
2004 11 29 AID-EMC / HC / Electronic Circuits in an Automotive Environment slide: 66
EMC : Pre-Compliance tests
The later EMC problems are detected, the more
difficult the identification of the root-cause and the
more limited and expensive the solution.
At final car qualification level, many modules could
cause the EMC problem and there is no time for a
redesign. The only solution is adding extra shielding
and anti-interference components like chokes, coils,
capacitors, which is very expensive.
At module qualification level, the PCB layout can be
changed and extra components (chokes, coils, cap’s)
can be added. This has less impact on the bill of
materials but can impact the time to qualification slot.
It is mandatory to include EMC in all phases of the
development : IC’s, PCB’s, modules and car-layout.
Pre-compliance tests have been standardized to
enable this at module and at IC level.
2004 11 29 AID-EMC / HC / Electronic Circuits in an Automotive Environment slide: 67
EMC : Pre-Compliance tests
Pre-compliance tests agreed between car-
manufacturer and module-supplier or between
module-manufacturer and IC supplier.
PRO: module and IC manufacturers make portable
designs
CON: tendency to end up with a chain of
over-specification
Of the many EMC standards, 3 standards are
particularly important for IC’s.
IEC 61967 for EME measurements
(150kHz – 1GHz, narrow-band EME)
IEC 62132 for EMS measurements
(150kHz – 1GHz, narrow-band EMS)
ISO 7637 for Automotive transients
(EMS for power supply line disturbances)
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EME
EME &
& EMS
EMS High
High
&& Automotive
Automotive Voltage
Voltage
transients High
transients High Temp.
Temp.
DUT
impedance matching
network for CANH-bus
150 30
CANH Spectrum analyser
trace
6.8nF
150 30 110
CANL 50
trace
51
VDD VSS
Spectrum analyser
RF current
Power 49
probe
50
Supply
1
V
78 B
3 emission limit
72 C 4
66 D
5 example:
60 E
7
6
H-12-n-O
54 F 8
9
a
48 G
b
10
c
d
42 H 11
e
f
g
36 I 12
h
i
13
k
30 K
l
14
m
n
24 L 15
o
p
16
q
18 M
r
s
17
t
12 N
u
18
v
w
6 O 19
y
z
0
105 2 3 4 5 6 8 106 2 3 4 5 6 8 107 2 3 4 5 6 8 108 2 3 4 5 6 8 109 Hz
f
[E-5-e]
[F-4-b]
[E-4-c]
6
60 E
7
54 F 8
9
gy
a
48 G
b
olo
10
es
c
p
hn
o
d
42 H 11 sl
e
lse
tec
f
p u
g
36 I
w 12
er
h
ne
o w
i
13 sl
k
30 K
l
14
m
slower pulse slopes
n
L
reference spectrum
24 15
o
p
distributed pulse
new technology
16
q
18 M
r
s
17
t
12 N
u
18
v
w
6 O 19
y
z
0
105 2 3 4 5 6 8 106 2 3 4 5 6 8 107 2 3 4 5 6 8 108 2 3 4 5 6 8 109 Hz
f
a
48 G
b
51 50 10
c
d
42 H 11
e
f
g
36 I 12
h
i
13
k
30 K
l
14
60 60
m
CANL
n
A=1.845V 24 L 15
o
p
period=4u 16
q
width=2u 18 M
r
17
s
tr= 53.2n
t
12 N
tf= 55n
u
18 v
w
6 O 19
y
0
driver with method 105 2 3 4 5 6 8 106 2 3 4 5 6 8 107 2 3 4 5 6 8 108 2 3 4 5 6 8 109 Hz
termination f
Frequency / Hertz
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EME&& EMS
EME EMS High
High
&&Automotive
Automotive Voltage
Voltage
transients High
transients High Temp.
Temp.
50 50
RF power
source 50
DUT
prot
couple
R
C
Pfwd Prefl
50
Ccouple Rprot DUT Ccouple
DUT
Simulation model for Zin > 200 Simulation model for Zin < 50
Guideline for amplitude AV Guideline for amplitude AI
AV = 22V @ 5W DPI (level 1) 50 Zin
A I Pinj
AV = 7V @ 0.5W DPI (level 2) 50 Zin
AV = 2.2V @ 50mW DPI (level 3)
P : required immunityslide:
2004 11 29 AID-EMC / HC / Electronic Circuits in an Automotive Environment inj level89
EMS compliance levels
Not all I/O pins of the IC are connected to the
wiring harness and unprotected.
Level 1: direct connection to the environment
Level 2: direct connection to the environment but
some external low-pass filtering is available.
e.g. signal conditioning input stages, direct
sensor interfaces …
Level 3: No direct connection of the I/O to the
environment.
e.g. interface chips connected to sensor chips in
the same module, A/D converter input stages …
0.5 Vin
98%
90
95% 80
80%
1.5 Vin 60
3.0 Vin
Vout Vout
input signal input signal
DPI DPI
Source Source
DPI DPI
Source Source
100
(2) current source
5
replaced by resistor
3
(3) with input attenuator
4
(4) with input filter
10
2 (5) with input attenuator
and input filter
1
The EMI value in the
graph is the maximum
1 value of the DPI source
frequency strength for which the
1M 10M 100M 1G (Hz) comparator gain > 2
Isub1
VDD to Substrate
P+ N+ P+
N-tub N-well
P-epi Vertical
N-buried layer & Lateral PNP
P-substrate
INPUT
Lateral NPN
N+ P+ N+ P+ N+
P-well N-well
P-epi N-tub
N-buried layer
VSS Isub2
P-substrate from other N-tubs
Isub
ESD protection
DPI Source for full battery ESD zener diode Schmitt trigger
voltage
2004 11 29 AID-EMC / HC / Electronic Circuits in an Automotive Environment slide: 105
Example
Solution: new ESD protection circuit without substrate NPN,
back-to-back zener diodes and shielding of the NMOS gate.
Vbat
Vcc
regulator
Vbias
DPI Source
ESD protection
Schmitt trigger
for positive and back-to-back
LP-filter with shielded
negative battery ESD zener diodes
NMOS-gate
voltages
Quality
Quality
Cost
Cost &
& TTM
TTM &
& Safety
Safety
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
EMC
EMC && High
High
Automotive
Automotive Voltage
Voltage
transients
transients High
High Temp.
Temp.
For alternators
with autoprotection
Typical requirement today: Level IV, except Load dump: Level II - III.
aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Fully
Fully compliant
compliant
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
Automotive
IC
IC design
design
IC
IC design
design
EMC
EMC && High
High
Automotive
Automotive Voltage
Voltage
transients
transients High
High Temp.
Temp.