U

N
I
T

INTRODUCTION TO

1 GLOBALIZATION
Sir Leandro Romano O. Dalisay

S . Y. 2 0 2 0 - 2 0 2 1
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNI

Globalization Concepts, Meanings,

Features, and Dimensions

Globalization is the process in which people, ideas and goods

spread throughout the world, spurring more interaction and
integration between the world's cultures, governments and
economies

Globalization is about growing worldwide

connectivity.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNI

Globalization Concepts, Meanings,

Features, and Dimensions

Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people,

companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This
process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on
economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in
societies around the world

People are engaged in buying and selling from other places in far-away lands like the famed
Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Age for
thousands of years and they also invested in enterprises in other countries for centuries.
NIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

There were similarities in features of those prevailing

wave of globalization before the outbreak of the First
World War in 1914 to the current wave. There is an
increase cross border- trade, investment, and
migration due to policy and technical developments
in the past few decades. It is in the area of economic
development that observers believe the world has
entered a new phase. Today’s globalization is farther,
faster, cheaper, and deeper in compared to earlier
wave of globalization.
 Example:

Since 1950, the volume of world trade has

i n c re a s e d b y 2 0 t i m e s a n d f ro m 1 9 9 7 t o 1 9 9 9 ,
f l o w s o f f o re i g n i n v e s t m e n t n e a r l y d o u b l e d
f ro m $ 4 6 8 b i l l i o n t o $ 8 2 7 d o m e s t i c a l l y.
NIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

In the years since the Second World War, and especially during
the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-
market economic systems, vastly increasing their own
productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for
international trade and investment. Governments also have
negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and
have established international agreements to promote trade in
goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new
opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built
foreign factories and established production and marketing
arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of
globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and
financial business structure.
NIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

One principal driver of globalization is technology.

Economic life is dramatically transformed by
advancement in information technology. All sorts of
individual economic actors like consumers, investors, and
businesses which are valuable new tools for identifying
and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and
more informed analyses of economic trends around the
world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with
far-flung partners are provided by information
technologies.
NIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Globalization is the process of integration of economies

across the world through cross-border flow of factors
product and information. According to the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) globalization is the growing
economic interdependence of countries worldwide
through increasing volume and variety of cross border
transactions in goods and services and of international
capital flows and also through the more rapid
and wide diffusion of technology.
 Globalization is an expansion, and
intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world time and
world space. It is about growing
worldwide connectivity according to
Steger.
 Manfred Steger

The expansion and intensification of social

relations and consciousness across world-
time and across world-space.
 Manfred Steger
• Expansion
Both the creation of new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections that cut across
traditional political, economic, cultural and geographic
boundaries.
• Intensification
Refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these
networks.
 Manfred Steger

• Across world-time and across world-space

Globalization processes do not occur merely at an objective,
material level but they also involve the subjective plane of
human consciousness.
 Manfred Steger
• Globalization
Represents the many processes that allow for the expansion
and intensification of global connections.
• Globalism
Widespread belief among powerful people that the global
integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone,
since it spreads freedom and democracy across the world.
 Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai’s “SCAPES”
• Ethnoscape – refers to global movement of people
• Mediascape – flow of culture
• Technoscape – refers to the circulation of mechanical
good and software
• Financescape – denotes the global circulation of money
• Ideoscape – realm where political ideas move around
NIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Further, globalization is considered a multi-dimensional

process involving economic, political, technological,
cultural, religious and ecological dimensions. It suggests
a dynamic process of change that results in either
positive or negative development. It leads to the creation
of something new; it involves the multiplication of social
connections and various activities that transgress
traditional and political, economic, cultural and
geographical lines.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Attributes, Qualities or
Characteristics of Globalization

1. It involves both the creation of new social networks and

the multiplication of existing connections that cut across
traditional, political, economic, cultural, and geographical
boundaries.

Example:
Brazilian World Cup: Today’s media combine conventional TV coverage with multiple
streaming feeds into digital devices and networking sites that transcend nationally based
services
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Attributes, Qualities or
Characteristics of Globalization

2. Globalization is reflected in the expansion and the

stretching of social relations, activities, and connections.

Examples:
 Reaching of financial markets around the globe
 Occurrence of electronic around the clock
 Emergence of gigantic and virtually identical shopping malls in all continents to cater to
consumers who can afford commodities all over the world-including products whose
various components were manufactured in different countries. This process is called
SOCIAL STRETCHING.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Attributes, Qualities or
Characteristics of Globalization

3. Globalization involves the intensification and

acceleration of social exchanges and activities.

Examples:
 The worldwide web relays distant information in real time
 Satellites provide consumers with instant pictures of remote events
 Sophisticated social networking by means of facebook or twitter has become routine
activity for more than a billion people around the globe.
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

The intensification of worldwide social

relations means that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring far away, and
vice versa. This means that there is
intermingling of local and global, with the
national and regional in overlapping
horizontal scale.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNI

Attributes, Qualities or
Characteristics of Globalization

4. Globalization processes do not occur merely or an

objective, material level but they also involve the
subjective plane of human consciousness. Without
erasing local and national attachments, the
compression of the world into a single place has
increasingly made global the frame of reference for
human thought and action.
NIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Globalization involves both the macro

structures of a global community and the
micro-structures of global personhood. It
extends deep into the core of the self and
its dispositions, facilitating the creation of
multiple individual and collective identities
nurtured by the intensifying relations
between the personal and the global. They
differ from each other by acceleration in
the speed of social exchanges and
widening of geographical scopes.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Historical Periods of Globalization

1. The Prehistoric Period (10000 BCE-3500 BCE)

In this earliest phase of globalization, contacts among hunters and gatherers –

who were spread around the world – were geographically limited. In this period
due to absence of advanced forms of technology, globalization was severely
limited.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Historical Periods of Globalization

2. The Pre-modern Period (3500 BCE- 1500 CE)

In this period the invention of writing and the wheel were great social and
technological boosts that moved globalization to a new level. The invention of
wheel in addition to roads made the transportation of people and goods more
efficient. On the other hand writing facilitated the spread of ideas and inventions.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Historical Periods of Globalization

3. The Early Modern Period (1500-1750)

It is the period between the Enlightenment and the Renaissance. In this period,
European Enlightenment project tried to achieve a universal form of morality and
law. This with the emergence of European metropolitan centers and unlimited
material accumulation which led to the capitalist world system helped to
strengthen globalization.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Historical Periods of Globalization

4. The Modern Period (1750-1970)

Innovations in transportation and communication technology, population

explosion, and increase in migration led to more cultural exchanges and
transformation in traditional social patterns. Process of industrialization also
accelerated.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Historical Periods of Globalization

5. The Contemporary Period (from 1970 to present)

The creation, expansion, and acceleration of worldwide interdependencies

occurred in a dramatic way and it was a kind of leap in the history of globalization.
UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

Dimensions of Globalization

There are six dimensions in globalization. These include:

1. Economic Dimension
2. Political Dimension
3. Technological Dimension
4. Cultural Dimension
5. Religious Dimension
6. Ecological Dimension
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

1. Economic Dimension

This refers to the extensive development of economic relations across the globe
as a result of technology and the enormous flow of capital that has stimulated
trade in both sources and goods.
• Major players in the current century’s global economic order
• Huge international corporations (General Motors, Walmart, Mitsubishi)
• International Economic Institutions (IMF, World Bank, The World Trade
Organization)
• Trading Systems
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

1. Economic Dimension

The result of these powerful forces resulted in the wide gap between the rich and
the poor countries. Major Sources of Economic Growth across Countries.
1. Property rights
2. Regulatory institutions
3. Institutions for macro-economics
4. Stabilization
5. Institutions for social influence
6. Institutions for conflict management
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

2. Political Dimension

This refers to an enlargement and strengthening of political interrelations across

the globe.

Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension

1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental organization
3. Future shapes of regional and global governance
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

2. Political Dimension

The globalization rendered almost powerless any political

efforts to introduce restrictive policies affecting individual
states, with the results that the world in many ways turned
into a borderless world. Governments often seek to restrict
the migration of peoples, especially those coming from the
poor countries in the global South.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

2. Political Dimension

In the development of supra-national structures and associations held together by

common concerns and mutually agreed upon norm, the most obvious is political
globalization.

On the part of the involved parties, informal structures which are considered
binding, bring together world power centers due to common interests.

Example:
 Global cities like New York, London, Tokyo, and Singapore are closely connected with one
another than they are to various cities in their own countries.
 European Union, United nations, NATO, The World Trade Organization
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

3. Cultural Dimension

This refers to the increase in the amount of cultural flows across the globe.
Cultural interconnections are at the foundations of contemporary globalization.

Individualism and consumerism which are the dominant cultural characteristics of

our age and the drive for economic success stimulated by the internet and other
technological devices circulate much more easily than they did in earlier periods.
In the dissemination of popular culture, transactional media corporations play a
major role which brought a sharp rise in homogenized popular culture that is
manifested in the dominance of fast food restaurant on more aspects of life
throughout the world.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

4. Religious Dimension

Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of attitudes, beliefs, and

practices relating to or manifesting faithful devotion to an
acknowledged ultimate reality or deity. It is the most important
defining element of any civilization as contrasted with race, language,
or way of life. As such, it is also portrayed as a defining element in
future conflicts. Whether the root cause of a particular conflict or
merely a vehicle for the mobilization of nationalist or ethnic passions,
religion is certainly central to much of the strife currently taking place
around the globe.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

4. Religious Dimension

Jihadist globalism is a religious response to the materialist assault by

the ungodly West in the rest of the world. Coming out of what they
consider a pure form of Islam, its disciples seek to destroy all those
alien influences that have been imposed on Muslim people. It applies
to those extremely violent strains of religion that convert the global
imaginary into very concrete political agendas and terrorist tactics. It
is also applied to those violent fundamentalists in the West who seek
to transform the world into a Christian Empire.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

4. Religious Dimension

Example:
 Bin Ladin understands umma as a single community of believers
professing faith in the one and only God, but at the same time
committed to destroying not only alien invaders but also corrupt
Islamic elites in order to return power to the Muslim masses.
 Since one third of the world’s Muslim population lives in non
Islamic countries, the restoration of God’s proper reign must be a
global event. Hence, Al-Qaeda established jihadist cells in various
parts of the world.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

4. Religious Dimension

Roman Catholic Teaching of Globalization

There are eight (8) principles that summarize the Roman Catholic
Teachings:
1. Commitment to universal human rights
2. Commitment to the social nature of the human person
3. Commitment to the common good
4. Solidarity (The principle of Solidarity affirms that membership in
the human family means that all bear responsibility for one
another.)
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

4. Religious Dimension

5. Preferential option of the poor (In the Theology of the Incarnation- Christ God
became poor for us so as to enrich us by his poverty. The poor are susceptible
to the effects of environmental irresponsibility because they live in countries
where cheap building materials and cheap labor are readily available. They
regularly work in farming, fishing, and forestry, areas which suffer
environmental damage).
6. Subsidiary (The Catholic Church teaches that decisions should be made at the
lowest level in order to achieve the common good.
7. Justice
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

4. Religious Dimension

8. Integral Humanism- is concerned with whole person

Justice is divided in three (3) categories:
1. Commutative justice
This aims at fulfilling the terms of contracts and other promises on both personal and
social level.
2. Distributive justice
This ensures a basic equity in how both the burden and the goods of society are distributed
and that ensures that every person enjoys a basically equal moral and legal standing apart from
differences in wealth, privilege, talent and achievements
3. Social justice
This refers to the creation of the conditions in which the first two categories of justice can
be realized and the common good identified and defended.
According to catholic teaching, a just society is one which these forms of justice are assured because they are
required by human dignity
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas, beliefs, norms and

values among a group of people. It is often used to legitimize
certain political interests or to defend dominant power
structures. Ideology connects human actions with some
generalized claims. Globalization is a social process of intensifying
global interdependence while globalism is an ideology that gives
the concept of neo-liberal values and meanings to globalization.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of Globalism

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration
of markets.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration

of markets.
The problem with this claim is that liberalization and
integration of markets happen through political project of
engineering free markets by interference of centralized
state power, and it is in contrast to the neoliberal ideal of
limited role of governments.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

Globalists believe that spread of market forces driven by
technological innovations is inevitable in globalization.
Neoliberals use this claim to convince people to adopt the
natural discipline of the market if they want to prosper,
which implies the elimination of government controls over
the market.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.

This claim seeks to depoliticize the public debate on
globalization and neutralizing anti -globalist movements.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

4. Globalization benefits everyone.

Globalists talk about the benefits of market liberalization
such as rising global living standards, economic efficiency,
individual freedom, and technological progress. But the
reality is that the opportunities of globalization are spread
unequally and power and wealth are concentrated among a
specific group of people, regions and corporations.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.

For the globalists democracy and free markets are
synonymous.
 UNIT 1 UNIT 1 UNIT 1

5. Ideological Dimensions

The neoliberal explanation of globalization is

ideological because it is politically motivated and
contributes to the construction of particular meanings
of globalization which stabilize existing power
relations. Globalism tries to create collective meaning
and shape people’s identities.
Thank
You!