Chapter 4 (Heat Effects)

CHAPTER FOUR
HEAT EFFECTS
Objectives
 Introduction to different types of heat effects
 Sensible heat and heat capacity
 Constant-V heat capacity
 Constant-P heat capacity
 The temperature dependency of the heat capacity
 Latent heat
 Introduction to different types of latent heat
 Latent heat calculation and estimations
 Standard heat of reaction
 Calculating using standard heat of formations
 Heat effects of industrial reactions
Introduction
Almost all chemical processes involve heat transfer
Types of Heat Transfer Effects
Physical Chemical
Operations Operations
Sensible Heat Effects
 The flow of heat associated:
 With change in temperature of system is
called sensible heat flow
 Without change in temperature of system
is called latent heat, heat of rxn etc.
Information on Process
Energy Balance
• Therefore, it is desirable to have a property that
will enable us to compare the energy storage
capabilities of various substances. This property
is the specific heat.
• The specific heat is defined as the energy required to
raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by
one degree
• In thermodynamics, we are interested in two kinds of
specific heats: specific heat at constant volume and
specific heat at constant pressure
• Heat
Capacity at Constant Volume
• The constant-volume heat capacity is defined
as:
Integration yields:
• For mechanically reversible, constant-volume process, the
heat transfer is equal to the change in internal energy :
Q = ΔU
=
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
The constant-pressure heat capacity is defined as:
and
For mechanically reversible, constant-pressure process, the

heat transfer is equal to the change in enthalpy
Q = ΔH
=
Heat Capacity
Heat Capacity
Evaluation of the Sensible-Heat Integral
Case 2
Given : To and Q/∆H
Calculate : T
Mean heat capacity
Since
Iteration
Example
Solution
Latent Heats of Pure Substances
Latent Heats
Example: Water
Latent heat of Vaporization
Latent heat of Fusion

Latent Heats
Information on Process
Latent Heats
Energy Balance
Latent Heats
Equations
Latent Heats
Clapeyron Equation
Latent Heats
Latent Heats
Example: Saturated H2O at 1500C
Latent Heats
Approximate Methods
Latent Heats
Trouton’s Rule
Note: T , temperature;
bp , boiling point.
Latent Heats
Riedel Equation
Latent Heats
Example for Water

Latent Heats
Watson Equation
Latent Heats
Example
Tc = 373.95 0C
Solution
Standard Heat of Reaction
Information on the Process
• The standard heat of reaction is defined as the
enthalpy change when a moles of A and b moles
of B in their standard states at temperature T
react to form 1 moles of L and m moles of M in
their standard states at the same temperature T
Property values in the standard state are denoted by the

degree symbol. For example, is the standard-state heat
capacity.
• All conditions for a standard state are fixed
except temperature, which is always the
temperature of the system. Standard-state
properties are therefore functions of
temperature only
The degree symbol indicates that it is the standard
value, subscript f shows that it is a heat of
formation, and the 298 is the approximate
absolute temperature in Kelvin's
Energy Balance
Standard State
Note: A standard –state pressure of 1 standard atm. (101,325 Pa) was in use.

The standard is now 1 bar (10 5 Pa)
E.g. ∆Ho298 at 298.15 K
Data for ∆Ho298
Table C-4
Standard Heat of Formation
Water-Gas-Shift Reaction
Water-Gas-Shift Reaction
Therefore, the standard heat of reaction is?

Example
Solution
Standard Heat of Combustion
Only few formation reactions are carried out, hence many standard
heats of formation come from standard heat of combustion
For organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen only, the products are carbon dioxide and
water, but the state of the water may be either vapor or
liquid.
Formation of n-Butane
Temperature Dependence of ∆Ho
Standard heats of most reaction are tabulated at the standard
temperature of 298.15 K (25°C). However,
Hypothetical Path
The total enthalpy change is there step process
Cooling
Back to initial state

Stoichiometric Coefficient
Standard-state of Enthalpies of Elements
Standard-state Enthalpy
Standard Heat Capacity
Heat of Reaction at T
Integral
Mean Heat Capacity
Example
Calculate the standard heat of the methanol synthesis
reaction at 800 0C
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
Solution
From Table C-4
From Table C-1

Solution
8.314*2.082*(1073.15-298.15)
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Example
Solution
Energy Balance
Path
∆Ho298
∆Hop
Determine T2
Iteration
• iteration 1.xlsx

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CHAPTER FOUR

For mechanically reversible, constant-pressure process, the

Evaluation of the Sensible-Heat Integral

Mean heat capacity

Latent heat of Vaporization

Latent heat of Fusion

Example for Water

Property values in the standard state are denoted by the

Note: A standard –state pressure of 1 standard atm. (101,325 Pa) was in use.

Therefore, the standard heat of reaction is?

For organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen,

The total enthalpy change is there step process

Back to initial state

From Table C-1

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