Chapter 4 (Heat Effects)
Chapter 4 (Heat Effects)
Chapter 4 (Heat Effects)
HEAT EFFECTS
Objectives
Introduction to different types of heat effects
Sensible heat and heat capacity
Constant-V heat capacity
Constant-P heat capacity
The temperature dependency of the heat capacity
Latent heat
Introduction to different types of latent heat
Latent heat calculation and estimations
Standard heat of reaction
Calculating using standard heat of formations
Heat effects of industrial reactions
Introduction
Almost all chemical processes involve heat transfer
Types of Heat Transfer Effects
Physical Chemical
Operations Operations
Sensible Heat Effects
Sensible Heat Effects
The flow of heat associated:
With change in temperature of system is
called sensible heat flow
Without change in temperature of system
is called latent heat, heat of rxn etc.
Sensible Heat Effects
Information on Process
Sensible Heat Effects
Energy Balance
Sensible Heat Effects
• Therefore, it is desirable to have a property that
will enable us to compare the energy storage
capabilities of various substances. This property
is the specific heat.
• The specific heat is defined as the energy required to
raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by
one degree
• In thermodynamics, we are interested in two kinds of
specific heats: specific heat at constant volume and
specific heat at constant pressure
Sensible Heat Effects
• Heat
Capacity at Constant Volume
• The constant-volume heat capacity is defined
as:
Integration yields:
Sensible Heat Effects
• For mechanically reversible, constant-volume process, the
heat transfer is equal to the change in internal energy :
Q = ΔU
=
Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure
The constant-pressure heat capacity is defined as:
and
Since
Sensible Heat Effects
Iteration
Example
Solution
Latent Heats of Pure Substances
Latent Heats
Example: Water
Note: T , temperature;
bp , boiling point.
Latent Heats
Riedel Equation
Latent Heats
Tc = 373.95 0C
Solution
Standard Heat of Reaction
Standard Heat of Reaction
Information on the Process
Standard Heat of Reaction
• The standard heat of reaction is defined as the
enthalpy change when a moles of A and b moles
of B in their standard states at temperature T
react to form 1 moles of L and m moles of M in
their standard states at the same temperature T
Table C-4
Standard Heat of Formation
Standard Heat of Reaction
Water-Gas-Shift Reaction
Standard Heat of Reaction
Water-Gas-Shift Reaction
Solution
Standard Heat of Combustion
Only few formation reactions are carried out, hence many standard
heats of formation come from standard heat of combustion
Cooling
8.314*2.082*(1073.15-298.15)
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Example
Solution
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Energy Balance
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Path
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
∆Ho298
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
∆Hop
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Determine T2
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Iteration
• iteration 1.xlsx