PHYSICS

PROJECT

Bernoulli theorem and

applications

BY-
ATUL KHATTAR
11-C
 Acknowledgement

 Apart from the efforts of me, the success of any

project depends largely on the encouragement and
guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to
express my gratitude to the people who have been
instrumental in the successful completion of this
project.
 I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Sir
John Rafi. I can’t say thank you enough for his
tremendous support and help. Without his
encouragement and guidance this project would not
have materialized.
 Lastly I would like to thank my parents and God for
helping me achieve my goals and in the fruitful
completion of this project.
 Introduction
 In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that for
an in viscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid
occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a
decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's
principle is named after the Dutch-Swiss 
mathematician Daniel Bernoulli who published his
principle in his book Hydrodynamica in 1738.

 Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of

fluid flow, resulting in what is loosely denoted
as Bernoulli's equation. In fact, there are different
forms of the Bernoulli equation for different types of
flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's principle is valid
for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows) and
also for compressible flows (e.g. gases) moving at low 
Mach numbers. More advanced forms may in some
cases be applied to compressible flows at higher 
Mach numbers (see 
the derivations of the Bernoulli equation).
 BERNOULLI’S
PRINCIPLE
When an incompressible and non-
viscous liquid (or gas) flows in
streamlined motion from one place to
another, then at every point of its path
the total energy per unit volume
(pressure energy + kinetic energy +
potential energy) is constant.
 Derivation
 Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the
principle of conservation of energy. This states that,
in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of mechanical
energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all
points on that streamline. This requires that the
sum of kinetic energy and potential energy remain
constant. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir the
sum of all forms of energy is the same on all
streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per
unit mass (the sum of pressure and gravitational
potential ρ g h) is the same everywhere.

 Restrictions
 Incompressible
 Non-viscous fluid (i.e. no friction)
 Following a streamline motion (no turbulence)
 Constant density
Etotal = 1/2mv2 + mgh
W = F/A*A*d = PV
Consider the change in total energy of the fluid as it
moves from the inlet to the outlet.

Δ Etotal = Wdone on fluid - Wdone by fluid

Δ Etotal = (1/2mv22 + mgh1) – (1/2mv12 + mgh2)
Wdone on fluid - Wdone by fluid = (1/2mv22 + mgh1) – (1/2mv12 +
mgh2)
P2V2 - P1V1 = (1/2mv22 + mgh1) – (1/2mv12 + mgh2)
P2 – P1 = (1/2ρ v12 + ρ gh1) – (1/2ρ v12 + ρ gh1)

∴ P2 + 1/2ρ v12 + ρ gh1 = P1 + 1/2ρ v12 + ρ gh1

 Real World
Applications
 Bernoulli's Principle can be used to calculate the lift
force on an airfoil. Bernoulli's principle implies that
the pressure on the surfaces of the wing will be lower
above than below. This pressure difference results in an
upwards lift force.
 The carburetor used in many reciprocating engines
contains a venturi to create a region of low pressure to
draw fuel into the carburetor and mix it thoroughly
with the incoming air.
 The Pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to
determine the airspeed of the aircraft. These two
devices are connected to the airspeed indicator which
determines the dynamic pressure of the airflow past
the aircraft. Bernoulli's principle is used to calibrate
the airspeed indicator so that it displays the 
indicated airspeed appropriate to the dynamic pressure
.
 The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a
device such as a Venturi meter or an orifice plate,
which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the
diameter of the flow and etc.
 Venturi effect
 The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that
results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of
pipe. The Venturi effect is named after 
Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822), an Italian physicist.
 According to the laws governing fluid dynamics, a fluid's 
velocity must increase as it passes through a constriction to
satisfy the conservation of mass, while its pressure
must decrease to satisfy the conservation of energy. Thus any
gain in kinetic energy a fluid may accrue due to its increased
velocity through a constriction is negated by a drop in
pressure. An equation for the drop in pressure due to the
Venturi effect may be derived from a combination of 
Bernoulli's principle and the continuity equation.
 The limiting case of the Venturi effect is when a fluid reaches
the state of choked flow, where the fluid velocity approaches
the local speed of sound. In choked flow the mass flow rate
will not increase with a further decrease in the downstream
pressure environment.
 Using Bernoulli's equation in the special case of
incompressible flows (such as the flow of water or other
liquid, or low speed flow of gas), the theoretical pressure
drop (p1 − p2) at the constriction would be given by.
 Flow rate : A venturi can be used to measure the 
volumetric flow rate Q.

Since

then
 Pitot tube
 A pitot  tube is a pressure measurement instrument
used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube
was invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in
the early 18th century[1] and was modified to its
modern form in the mid-19th century by French
scientist Henry Darcy. It is widely used to determine
the airspeed of an aircraft and to measure air and gas
velocities in industrial applications. The pitot tube is
used to measure the local velocity at a given point in
the flow stream and not the average velocity in the
pipe or conduit.
 The basic pitot tube consists of a tube pointing
directly into the fluid flow. As this tube contains
fluid, a pressure can be measured; the moving fluid is
brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no outlet to
allow flow to continue. This pressure is the 
stagnation pressure of the fluid, also known as the
total pressure or (particularly in aviation) the pitot
pressure.
  The measured stagnation
pressure cannot of itself
be used to determine the
fluid velocity (airspeed in
aviation). However, 
Bernoulli's equation
states:
Stagnation pressure = static
pressure + dynamic pressure

Which can also be written

Solving that for velocity we get

The equation beside
applies only to
incompressible fluid.
where:
V is fluid velocity;
pt is stagnation or total
pressure;
ps is static pressure;
and ρ is fluid density.
 Torricelli’s Law
 Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's
theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating
the speed of fluid flowing out of an opening to the
height of fluid above the opening.
 Torricelli's law states that the speed of efflux, v, of a
fluid through a sharp-edged hole at the bottom of a
tank filled to a depth h is the same as the speed that
a body (in this case a drop of water) would acquire
in falling freely from a height h, i.e. v=√2gh ,
where g is the acceleration due to gravity. This last
expression comes from equating the kinetic energy
gained, ½ mv² , with the potential energy lost, mgh,
and solving for v.
 The law was discovered (though not in this form) by
the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, in 1643. It
was later shown to be a particular case of 
Bernoulli's principle.
 Derivation
Torricelli’s Law
Bernoulli's principle states that:

where v is fluid speed, g is the gravitational acceleration, z is

the fluid's height above a reference point, p is pressure, and ρ is
density. Define the opening to be at z=0. At the top of the tank,
p is equal to the atmospheric pressure. v can be considered 0
because the fluid surface drops in height extremely slowly
compared to the speed at which fluid exits the tank. At the
opening, z=0 and p is again atmospheric pressure. Eliminating
the constant and solving gives:

z is equivalent to the h in the first paragraph of this article, so:

 Aerodynamic Lift
 A fluid flowing past the surface of a body exerts a 
surface force on it. Lift is defined to be the 
component of this force that is perpendicular to the 
oncoming flow direction. It contrasts with the drag
 force, which is defined to be the component of the
surface force parallel to the flow direction.
 According to Bernoulli’s theorem, for a flowing
fluid, where the velocity is increased and pressure
is decreased, and vice-versa. This fact has been used
in shaping of wings of aircraft so as to produce lift.
 This phenomenon is also explained by popular
equal transit theory which combines the Bernoulli
theorem with streamlines. Also the coanda effect
explains the same with boundary theory.
 Atomizer
 An atomizer nozzle is a kind of nozzle for producing a
fine spray of a liquid based on the Venturi effect. When
a gas is blown through a constriction it speeds up; this
reduces the pressure at the narrowest point. The
reduced pressure sucks up a liquid through a narrow
tube into the flow, where it boils in the low pressure,
and forms thousands of small droplets.
 Atomizer nozzles are used for spraying perfumes, for
painting and in carburetors as well as water nozzles. In
addition, atomizers are essential components in 
E-cigarettes.
An airbrush is used for
artwork and is an
example of an atomizer
nozzle. Air is passed in
down the right hand
tube, and the nozzle
sucks up the paint from
the receptacle and a very
fine spray of paint is
produced which gives an
extremely soft edged
coloration quite unlike
that of a brush.
 Magnus Effect
 The Magnus effect is the phenomenon whereby a
spinning object flying in a fluid creates a whirlpool
 of fluid around itself, and experiences a force
perpendicular to the line of motion. The overall
behaviour is similar to that around an aerofoil (see 
lift force) with a circulation which is generated by
the mechanical rotation, rather than by aerofoil
action.[1]
 In many ball sports, the Magnus effect is responsible
for the curved motion of a spinning ball. The effect
also affects spinning missiles, and is used in 
rotor ships and Flettner aero planes.

The Magnus effect,

demonstrated on a
ball. Lines V represent
the wind velocity, and
the arrow F represents
the resulting force
towards the side of
lower pressure.
 Principle
Magnus Effect
 When a body (such as a sphere or circular cylinder) is
spinning in a viscous fluid, it creates a boundary layer
 around itself, and the boundary layer induces a more
widespread circular motion of the fluid. If the body is
moving through the fluid with a velocity V, the velocity of
the thin layer of fluid close to the body is a little greater
than V on the forward-moving side and a little less than V
on the backward-moving side. This is because the induced
velocity due to the boundary layer surrounding the
spinning body is added to V on the forward-moving side,
and subtracted from V on the backward-moving side. One
explanation of the Magnus effect is since there is more
(forwards) acceleration of air on the forward-moving side
than the backward-moving side, there is more pressure on
the forward-moving side, resulting in a perpendicular
component of force from the air towards the backward-
moving side. However, this layer of spinning air is very thin,
and it is more likely most of the Magnus effect is due to the
earlier detachment of the air flow on the forward-moving
side, which results in a diversion of the flow (acceleration of
air) with a perpendicular component towards the forward-
moving side, coexisting with an opposing aerodynamic
force with a perpendicular component towards the
backward-moving side.[7]
 Bibliography
 www.google.co.in
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.aplcentauri.info
 www.slideshare.net
 www.grc.nasa.gov
 www.scribd.com
 www.df.uba.ar
 www.gltrs.grc.nasa.gov

 Nootan ISC Physics class eleventh-G.L.Mittal, Raj

Kumar.