Engineering Laboratory V BDA 3701: Buckling of Struts
Engineering Laboratory V BDA 3701: Buckling of Struts
Engineering Laboratory V BDA 3701: Buckling of Struts
BDA 3701
Buckling of Struts
INTRODUCTION
A strut is a long structural member subjected to a
compressive load.
Slender member is a strut with low cross section area
compared to the length.
Generally fail by buckling before the compressive yield
strength is reached.
The strut will remain straight until the end load reaches a
critical value and buckling will be initiated
INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
Critical load depends upon the slenderness ratio and the end fixing
conditions.
The slenderness ratio is defined as the effective length (l) / the least
radius of gyration (k) of the section.
The principal end fixing conditions are listed below:
Pinned (hinged) at both ends
Fixed (built-in) at both ends
Fixed at one end and free at the other
Fixed at one end and pinned at the other
OBJECTIVE
To study the buckling of slender columns and
relationships between length, end fixing conditions and
buckling load.
THEORY
The experiment was carried out to see if Euler‘s prediction
could be relied upon in practice.
Assumption:
uniform straight members made from homogeneous engineering
materials used within the elastic operating range.
end load is applied along the centroid of the ends.
The strut is initially straight
When the applied load reaches the critical load elastic buckling
occurs. Euler prediction for pin-end strut is given by:
Where
cr = critical stress (N/m2)
A =cross section area (m2)
I =second moment of inertia (m4)
Pcr =critical load (N)
E =elastic modulus (N/m2)
L =specimen length (m)
EULERS THEORY
The simple analysis below is based on
the pinned-pinned arrangement. The
other arrangements are derived from
this by replacing the length L by the
effective length b.
For the pinned-pinned case the effective
length b = L.
For the Fixed -Fixed case the effective
length b = L/2.
For the Fixed-Free case the effective
length b = L x 2.
For the Fixed-Pinned case the effective
length b approx. L x 0,7.
BEAM EQUATION
Note: The derivation below is based on a strut with pinned ends. A similar method
can be used to arrive at the Euler loads for other end arrangements which will
confirm the basis for the factors in arriving at the equivalent length b.
M / I = σ / y = E / R
3 48 51.46 5.67
4 40 41.09 4.53
5 32 33.57 3.69
Each strut had been applied with different end fixed condition.
(pinned end, pinned-fixed & fixed end)
By controlling the loading handwheel , load start transmit to
the strut.
When the load reach in certain value, the strut begin to buckle.
To reduce error, the strut are then flicked to the opposite
direction.
Data had been taken when there’s no further increase in load
on the force meter.
OBSERVATION
Based on the data collective, it can be seen that the strut
tend to stand in higher load when ;
fixed end condition
short in length
DISCUSSION
i. Analysis on Pinned-end
ii. Analysis on pinned-fixed
iii. Analysis on fixed-end
iv. Analysis on graph patterns
Graph Buckling Load Against 1/L For Pinned End
55
50
45
Buckling Load, P (N)
Experimental
Linear (Experimental)
40
Theory
Linear (Theory)
35
30
25
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
1/L (m )
ANALYSIS FOR PINNED-END
Experimental Gradient
mthe = 9.063 N.m
mexp = 8.077 N.m
Percentage Error
Error = 10.87%
Graph Buckling Load Against 1/L For Pinned-Fixed
120
110
100
Buckling Load, P (N)
90 Experimental
Linear (Experimental)
Theory
80 Linear (Theory)
70
60
50
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
1/L (m )
ANALYSIS FOR PINNED-FIXED
Experimental Gradient
mthe = 18.235 N.m
mexp = 18.065 N.m
Percentage Error
Error = 0.93%
Graph Buckling Load Against 1/L For Fixed End
280
260
240
220
Buckling Load, P (N)
Experimental
Linear (Experimental)
200
Theory
Linear (Theory)
180
160
140
120
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
1/L (m )
ANALYSIS FOR FIXED END
Experimental Gradient
mthe = 36.364 N.m
mexp = 27.000 N.m
Percentage Error
Error = 25.75%
ANALYSIS ON GRAPH PATTERNS
All graphs shows directly proportional between load (N)
and deflection(1/L).
There are lot of different in deflection values between
theoretical (Euler Formula) and experimental.
Highest percentage error ~ Fixed-End