THERMODYNAMICS AND MATERIAL

ENGINEERING LABORATORY REPORT

SKKK-2711
SEM 2 2016/2017

EXPERIMENT 5
TORSION OF BAR

DATE OF EXPERIMENT
12/3/2017

LECTURER
PN. MUNIRAH BINTI MOKHTAR

SECTION 01
GROUP 3

NO. TEAM MEMBERS MATRIC NO.

1. MOHAMAD KAMALUDDIN BIN KHAIRIL A15KP0144
2. MOHAMAD ZAKWAN AKMAL BIN MOHAMAD ARIFFIN A15KP0064
3. MOHAMAD SYAFIQ BIN SHAARI A15KP0063
4. MOHAMED MUSA AHMED A15KP4003
5. MOHAMMED YOUSEF MOHAMMED RASAM A15KP4006

Table of Contents

Abstract :...3
Introduction :...........4

Theory : ......5

Methodology :.......6

Results :.......7

Discussions :.......9

Conclusion :.....15

References :.16

Appendices :. ...17

ABSTRACT

2
To investigate the relationship between torque, T and the angle of twist,
of a circular cross section specimen in terms of the formula:

TL
=
GJ

Where, T = torque
L = length of rod
G = modulus of rigidity of material
J = d4 / 32
D = diameter of rod

In this experiment, the material rod will be clamped first, then the load is
apply to the rod via a cord. The length of the shaft is either set 400 mm for
the first test followed by 200 mm or vice versa. The rotation scale is set
with the pointer pointing 0o of twist. Load is apply to the rod by putting it
on the hanger. Finally read and record the twist of angle for each loading.
Diameter of the rod needs to be measure and record at the end of the
experiment. From the result we obtained, the relationship between torque,
T and the angle of twist, of a circular cross section specimen or material
is proved to be directly proportional to each another and twist , also
proportional to the length of the shaft, L. And the modulus of rigidity, G
for:

Aluminium alloy = 48122 Nmm-2

Steel = 183536 Nmm-2
Nylon = 1838 Nmm-2

3
INTRODUCTION

Torsion is analyzed through the stress and strains in members of a

circular cross section subjected to twisting couples or torques, T. These
couples have a common magnitude and opposite senses. They are vector
quantities and can be represented either by curved arrows as shown in
figure below or by couple vectors.

Members in torsion are encountered in many engineering

applications. The most common application is provided by transmission
shafts, which are used to transmit power from one point to another. For
example, a shaft is used to transmit power from the engine to the rear
wheels of an automobile. These shafts can be either solid or hollow.

4
THEORY

When analysis the stresses and deformation that takes place in

circular shafts, an important property of circular shafts is demonstrated:
When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, every cross section rotates as
a rigid slab. This property will enable to determine the distribution of
shearing strains in a circular shaft and to conclude that the shearing strain
varies linearly with the distance from the axis of the shaft.

Considering the case of a shaft of length, L and of uniform cross

section of radius, c subjected to a torque, T at its free end. (Figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1

The angle of twist, and the maximum shearing strain, max are related as
follows:

c
max =
L

In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear, is related by Hookes

max Tc
Law: max = =
G JG

5
Equating the right-hand members of equation (1.3) and (1.4), and solving
for the angle of twist, we write:
TL
=
JG

METHODOLOGY

1 The aluminium alloy rod was clamped in position and the load hanger
was put on the cord.
2 The rotation scale and pointer was set 400 mm from the fixed clamp
and the pointer was put to zero.
3 Loads of 40 N by 5 N increments were added and the twist of the
specimen for each increment is recorded in a table.
4 After the loads were removed, the rotation scale and pointer was
moved to 200 mm from the clamp and the above steps 1 to 3 were
repeated.
5 The diameter of the rods were measured and recorded.
6 Now, the specimen was changed to steel rod and the procedure was
repeated for the 400 mm length only.
7 Finally, the nylon rod was clamped in position and the twist over
400mm and 200mm was measured when loads up to 5 N by
increments of 1 N were applied to the torsion head. The loads were
removed and whether full elastic recovery had occurred is noted.(the
angle of twist for 0 N load was taken when all loads were removed)

6
RESULTS

Material: Aluminium Alloy

Diameter: 6.62 mm = 6.62x10-3 m

Hanger Load
Torque (Nmm) Twist of rod
(N)

Over 400 mm Over 200 mm

() (rad) () (rad)
5 0 0 0 0 0
10 33.10 1 0.0174533 2 0.0349066
15 49.65 3 0.0523599 2 0.0349066
20 66.20 4 0.0698132 3 0.0523599
25 82.75 5 0.0872665 4 0.0698132
30 99.30 6 0.104720 5 0.0872665
35 115.85 7 0.122173 5 0.0872665
40 132.40 8 0.139626 5 0.0872665

Material: Steel
Diameter: 5.00 mm = 5.00x10-3 m
Hanger Load (N) Torque (Nmm) Twist of rod
Over 400mm
() (rad)
5 12.50 0 0
10 25.00 1 0.0174533
15 37.50 2 0.0349066
20 50.00 3 0.0523599
25 62.50 3 0.0523599
30 75.00 4 0.0698132
35 87.50 5 0.0872665

7
 40 100.00 6 0.104720

Material: Nylon
Diameter: 6.50 mm = 6.50x10-3 m
Hanger Load Torque (Nmm) Twist of rod
(N)
Over 400mm Over 200mm
() (rad) () (rad)
5 16.25 25 0.436332 14 0.244346
4 13.00 23 0.401426 9 0.157080
3 9.75 13 0.226893 6 0.104720
2 6.50 9 0.157080 4 0.0698132
1 3.25 2 0.0349066 1 0.0174533
0 0.00 0 0.000000 0 0.000000

8
DISCUSSIONS

a) To what extent does the experiment verify the torque/twist formula

based on graph plotted (angle of twist against torque).

Material: Aluminium Alloy

Graph of Angle of Twist against Torque for Aluminium Alloy

140

120 f(x) = 892.72x + 6.19

f(x) = 1341.67x - 3.7

100

80
400 mm
Torque (Nmm) Linear (400 mm) 200 mm Linear (200 mm)
60

40

20

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

Angle of Twist (o)

Material: Steel

9
 Graph of Angle of Twist against Torque for Steel
120

100
f(x) = 869.67x + 10.71

80

Torque (Nmm) 60
Torque Linear (Torque)

40

20

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Angle of Twist (o)

Material: Nylon

Graph of Angle of Twist against Torque for Steel

18
f(x) = 65.08x + 1.69
16
f(x) = 32.86x + 1.24
14

12
400 mm
10
Linear (400 mm)
Torque (Nmm) 200 mm
8
Linear (200 mm)
6

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

Angle of Twist (o)

A materials modulus of rigidity will influence how much twist will

occur in a member when a given torque is applied. A higher modulus will
yield less of an angle of twist for a specified torque. Conversely, a lower

10
modulus of rigidity for a material sustaining the same specified torque will
deform to a greater extent along its longitudinal axis. Graphs above
showing angle of twist are linearly increasing to the torque applied. This
shows that the torque/twist formula, = TL / GJ is true where

T and L
Where,
= angle of twist (radians)
T = torque
L = length of the shaft
( c24 c 14 )
J = polar moment of inertia, 2

G = modulus of rigidity (constant)

Furthermore, the torque/ twist formula can also be proved by changing the
length of shaft in the experiment. From the graph 1 and graph 3 which
involve 200mm and 400mm length of the shaft. We can notice that the
slopes for both of the lines are almost in the ratio of . As a result, it
shows again the twist not only proportional to the torque but at the same
time also proportional to the length of the shaft.

b) Determine the modulus of rigidity (G) of material.

TL
From equation of = ;
GJ
TL T L T
G= = ( )
J J ; but,
=m slope

L
G=mslope
J

The modulus of rigidity, G of Aluminium alloy:

i) For 400 mm length;-

11
 4
6.62 mm
mslope(400 mm)=892.72 N mm , J=
2 (2 )
=188.55 mm4

400 mm
G400 =( 892.72 N mm )
188.5 mm 4

N
G 400=1894.37 2
mm

ii) For 200 mm length;-

4
6.62 mm
mslope ( 200mm )=1341.7 N mm , J=
2( 2 )
=188.55 mm4

200 mm
G200 =( 1341.7 N mm )
188.5 mm 4
N
G2 00=1423.55
mm2
N
(1894.37+1423.55)
G 400 +G2 00 mm2
Galu = =
2 2
N
Hence, Galu =1658.96 2
mm

The modulus of rigidity, G of Steel:

5.00 mm 4
i) mslope =8 69.67 N mm , J=
2 2 ( )
=61.36 mm 4

400 mm
G=( 869.67 N mm )
61.36 mm 4

N
G=5669.30 2
mm

N
Hence, Gsteel=5669.30
mm2

12
The modulus of rigidity, G of Nylon:
i) For 400 mm length;-
6.50 mm 4
mslope(400 mm)=32.861 N mm , J=
2 (
2 )
=175.25 mm 4

400 mm
G400 =( 32.861 N mm ) 4
1 75.25 mm

N
G 400=75.00
mm2

ii) For 200 mm length;-

6.50 mm 4
mslope ( 200mm )=65.084 N mm , J=
2( 2 ) =175.25 mm 4

200 mm
G200 =( 65.084 N mm )
175. 2 5 mm4
N
G2 00=74.28 2
mm
N
(75.00+74.28)
G 400 +G2 00 mm2
Gnylon = =
2 2
N
Hence, Gnylon =74.64
mm2

c) Handbook values for G (modulus of rigidity) are 26200 Nmm -2 for

aluminum alloy and about 79000 Nmm -2 for steel and 75000 Nmm-2 for
nylon (Teflon). Comment on the experimental comparisons.

Table 1: Comparisons between Gtheoretical and Gexperiment

13
Specimen G theoretical G experiment

2 2
N/mm N/mm

Aluminium Alloy 26200 1658.96

Steel 79000 5669.30
Nylon 75000 74.64

The percentages of value error are show as below:

Aluminium Alloy
Theory Value Experimental Value
Percentage of value error = x 100
Theory Value

262001658.96
= x 100
26200

= 93.67 %

Steel
Theory Value Experimental Value
Percentage of value error = x 100
Theory Value

790005669.30
= x 100
79000

= 92.82 %

Nylon
Theory Value Experimental Value
Percentage of value error = x 100
Theory Value

7500074.64
= x 100
75000

= 99.90 %

14
As seen in Table 1 the calculated modulus of rigidity for aluminium ally,
steel, and nylon are well outside of any acceptable error range.

There are a multitude of reasons for the discrepancy between the

theoretical and calculated values of the modulus of rigidity for specimens.
This is due to some errors that occurred during the experiment. Firstly, the
rod is not firmly fixed on the torsion bars testing machine. Thus, this
influenced the angle of twist when load is added. The results depend upon
the temperature of the specimen while the experiment has been
conducted. It may also have an error in taking diameter of the typical
torsion of bars-test specimen. Besides, specimen malformation may
probably occur. Next, the load is added rudely which also affects the angle
of twist. When taking the reading of the angle of twist, observers eyes is
not perpendicular to the scale reading which also known as parallax error.
There is also zero error where the pointer of the angle of measurement is
not pointing to zero before load is added. Lastly, old materials are also one
of the reasons which affect the result taken.

15
CONCLUSION

As conclusion, the relationship between torque, T and the angle of

twist, of a circular cross section specimen or material is proved to be
directly proportional to each another and twist , also proportional to the
length of the shaft, L as shown in the formula below:
T and L

TL
=
JG

Where, T = torque
L = length of rod
G = modulus of rigidity of material
c 24c 14
J = polar moment of inertia, [ )]/2

D = diameter of rod

From this experiment, the modulus of rigidity, G for:

Specimen G experiment

2
N/mm

Aluminium Alloy 1658.96

Steel 5669.30
Nylon 74.64

16
REFERENCES

1. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr., John T. DeWolf, 2002,

Mechanics of Materials, the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, New York.
2. B. B. Muvdi, J. W. McNabb; Engineering Mechanics of Material; Third
Edition; Springer-Verlag.
3. Callister Jr, W. D. (2001). Fundamentals of materials science and
engineering. Wiley,.

17
APPENDICES

Sample calculation:
diameter
Torque, T =load x
2

rad
Angle of twist , rad=angle ( ) x
180

Material: Aluminium Alloy

6.62 mm
T orque , T =10 N x =33.10 N mm
2

rad
Angle of twist for 400 mm=1 x =0.0174533 rad
180

The above steps are used to calculate the stated values for the following
material; steel and nylon respectively.

18