INSTITUTE :UIE

DEPARTMENT: ALL ACADEMIC UNITS

Bachelor of Engineering (All Sections)
Subject Name and Code:
Physics for Engineers 21SPH-141
Prepared by: Deepak Kumar, Assistant Prof. Physics

FIBRE OPTICS DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER

 Course Objectives
 
• The course is designed to make the students industry ready to
contribute in the growing demand of the industry at local, national and
international level.
• It will make the students competent to understand basic concepts and
applications of advanced engineering physics and apply its principles
in their respective fields at global platform.
• It will enhance the skill level of the students and shall make them
preferred choice for getting employment in industry and research labs.
• It will give thorough knowledge of the discipline to enable students to
disseminate knowledge in pursuing excellence in academic areas.

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 Course Outcomes

CO Title Level
Number On completion of this course, the students are expected
to learn
CO1 Quote the basic fundamental concepts of lasers, optical Remember,
fibres, crystallography, ultrasonic oscillations, semiconductor
Understand
 
physics, quantum mechanics and nanotechnology.

CO2 Demonstrate the working of various lasers, fibre Understand

components, semiconductor devices; explain the behaviour
of crystalline solids, quantum and nano-scale systems.

CO3 Solve problems by applying principles related to lasers, Applying 

fibres, semiconductors, oscillations, quantum and
nanoscience.

CO4 Compare various lasers and fibres, semiconducting devices, Analyze

crystalline materials, structures at quantum and nanoscale
on the basis of their properties for industrial applications.

CO5 Develop various systems using lasers, fibres, semiconductors Design 

and nanomaterials for futuristic applications.

Figure 2.1 Optical fibres [1] 3

 Brief Flow of Presentation
• Brief Introduction
• Optical fiber construction
• Critical angle & Total Internal
Reflection
• Acceptance angle & acceptance cone
• Numerical Aperture
• V-Number
• Types of fibers
• Dispersion & its types
• Attenuation and Losses in Fiber
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications Figure 2.2 Basic structure and parts of optical fibre [2]
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 Definition of Optical fiber
An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by glass (silica)
or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.

• Optical fiber is a dielectric waveguide and ideally has a cylindrical

shape.

• It consists of a core made up of a dielectric material which is

surrounded by a cladding made up of a dielectric material of
lower refractive index than core.

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 Parts of Optical Fiber

 Core

 Cladding

 Buffering

 Core having higher refractive

index than cladding

Figure 2.3 Parts of optical fiber [3]

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• Core – thin glass center of the fiber where light travels.

• Cladding– outer optical material surrounding the core.

• Buffer Coating- plastic coating that

protects the fiber.

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 FIBER MANUFACTURE

I- Glass-Glass Fiber
• Glass as silica (SiO2) with
refractive Index (RI) of
1.458 at 850nm
• Addition of GeO2 and P2O5
increases RI.
• Addition of B2O3 and
fluorine decreases RI.

Figure 2.4 Increase or decrease of RI by adding dopants [4].

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 FIBER MANUFACTURE
II- Plastic clad Glass Fiber
I- Glass-Glass Fiber
• Glass core and plastic cladding.
• Combinations can be—
• Higher losses.
• GeO2 - SiO2 core, SiO2
• Short distance (several hundred meters).
Cladding.
• Reduced cost.
• P2O5 - SiO2 core, SiO2
Cladding. • Core Silicon resin RI = 1.405 at 850nm
• SiO2 core, B2O3 -SiO2 • Clad is Teflon PEP (Perfluoronated ethylene
Cladding. propylene) with RI = 1.338.
• GeO2 - B2O3 - SiO2 core, • Large NA with large RI difference.
B2O3 -SiO2 Cladding. • Core dia of 150 to 600µm.
• LED as source.

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 FIBER MANUFACTURE
III- Plastic Fiber Remember!
• Very short distance (100m max). • Germanium dioxide and phosphorus
• High attenuation.
pentaoxide increase the refractive
index of glass
• Low cost, tough, durable, inexpensive.
• Boron oxide decreases the refractive
• Core dia of 110 to 1400µm. index of glass.
• LED as source. • These oxides are known as dopants.
• Polystyrene core (1.6), methyl • Changing composition of the mixture
methacrylate clad (1.49). NA = 0.6. during the process influences
• Polymethyl methacrylate refractive index profile of the preform
core(1.49), its co-
polymer(1.40), NA = 0.5

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 Transmission of Light Through Optical
Fibers
Its total Internal Reflection
(a) (b)

Figure 2.5 (a) & (b) Diagram of total internal reflection in different type of optical fiber [5]. 11
 Ray Theory Transmission
Refractive index
• The index of refraction of a material is the ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum to the speed of light in the material
n = c/v
The factor n is the index of refraction (or refractive index) of
the medium.
For air and gases n ~ 1. At optic frequencies, the refractive index of water
is 1.33.
• Glass has many compositions, each with a slightly different
n. An approximate refractive index of 1.5 is representative for the silica
glasses used in fibers; more precise values for these glasses lie between
~1.45 and ~1.48.
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Ray Theory Transmission

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Critical Angle (c)
• The angle at which total internal reflection
occurs is called the critical angle of
incidence.
• At any angle of incidence (1) greater than
the critical angle, light is totally reflected
back to the glass medium.
• For n1 > n2, the angle of refraction 2 is always
greater than the angle of incidence 1.
• When the angle of refraction 2 is 90o the
refracted ray emerges parallel to the
interface between the media.

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 Total internal reflection

At angles of incidence 1 > c

the light is totally reflected back

into the incidence higher

refractive index medium. This is

known as total internal

reflection.
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Refractive Index of Some Materials
• Air -----------------------------------------------------------------------1.00
• Water --------------------------------------------------------------------1.33
• Magnesium fluoride --------------------------------------------------1.38
• Fused silica (SiO2)-----------------------------------------------------1.46
• Sapphire (Al2O3)-------------------------------------------------------1.80
• Lithium niobate (LiNbO3)--------------------------------------------2.25
• Indium phosphide (InP)----------------------------------------------3.21
• Gallium arsenide (GaAs) ---------------------------------------------3.35
• Silicon (Si)---------------------------------------------------------------3.48
• Indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP)-----------------3.51
• Aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-----------------------------3.60
• Germanium (Ge) -------------------------------------------------------4.00
• The index varies with a number of parameters, such as
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wavelength and temperature.
 Assessment Test
Quiz link for Assessment Test:-
https://
docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdoaR30UPyyOY0IRVyCh
KPoZVB99BOTYyw61SPEVbYoxNepFQ/viewform?usp=pp_url

Home Assignment :-
Q.1 Why silica is used for the fabrication of the optical fibers?
Q.2 What is the principle of fiber optical communication?
Q.3 Do signals really travel faster in fiber optics?
Q.4 What is a better way of communication, wire or fiber optics?

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 References
[1] https://
www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2013/07/alcatel-lucent-breaks-record-with-31tbps-over
-a-single-fibre-optic-cable.html

[2] http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14026/css/Fiber-Buffers-193.htm
[3] https://www.slideshare.net/ankushsaini123/6796optical-fibres
[4] https://
www.slideshare.net/MadhumitaTamhane/optical-fiber-communication-part-1- optical-fib
er-fundamentals
[5] (a) http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com/14026/css/Fiber-Buffers-193.htm
(b) https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic2.htm
[6] https://www.slideshare.net/PratyushSrivastava8/optical-fiber-cable-
v2?from_action=save
[7] https://
www.ques10.com/p/21598/derive-the-expression-of-numerical-aperture- for-a-
/
[8] https://www.explainthatstuff.com/fiberoptics.html
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[9] http://fiberonda.com/single-mode-vs-multi-mode-fiber-optic-cable/
Text book
• Beiser A., Ghatak A, Garg S.C., Applied Physics, Edition 1st, (2013), Tata
McGraw-Hill, Noida.
• Laud B.B., Laser and Non -Linear Optics, Edition 1st, (1991), Wiley Eastern
Ltd.

E- content
http://www.fiberopticshare.com/what-are-the-components-of-optical-fiber.html

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THANK YOU

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