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    Heat Transfer

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    Rama Reddy
    Heat transfer occurs due to temperature differences and is governed by the laws of thermodynamics. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct contact between substances, convection requires a moving fluid, and radiation uses electromagnetic waves. The rate of heat transfer depends on factors like thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients, emissivity, and temperature differences. Heat transfer has many important applications in areas like power plants, refrigeration, manufacturing, and vehicle design.

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    Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Rama Reddy
    34 views16 pages
    Heat transfer occurs due to temperature differences and is governed by the laws of thermodynamics. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct contact between substances, convection requires a moving fluid, and radiation uses electromagnetic waves. The rate of heat transfer depends on factors like thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients, emissivity, and temperature differences. Heat transfer has many important applications in areas like power plants, refrigeration, manufacturing, and vehicle design.

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    Heat transfer occurs due to temperature differences and is governed by the laws of thermodynamics. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct contact between substances, convection requires a moving fluid, and radiation uses electromagnetic waves. The rate of heat transfer depends on factors like thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients, emissivity, and temperature differences. Heat transfer has many important applications in areas like power plants, refrigeration, manufacturing, and vehicle design.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    34 views16 pages

    Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Rama Reddy
    Heat transfer occurs due to temperature differences and is governed by the laws of thermodynamics. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct contact between substances, convection requires a moving fluid, and radiation uses electromagnetic waves. The rate of heat transfer depends on factors like thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficients, emissivity, and temperature differences. Heat transfer has many important applications in areas like power plants, refrigeration, manufacturing, and vehicle design.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Ravi Sankar

    What is Heat Transfer?


    “Energy is transit due to temperature difference.”
    Heat transfer modes governed by the 1st & 2nd law of thermodynamics

    ( first law of Thermodynamics )

    Energy can neither be created nor


    destroyed, it can transferred to
    work other forms of energy.

    ( Second law of Thermodynamics )

    it is impossible to convert heat


    completely into useful work
    Types of Heat transfer Modes:
     Conduction
     Convection
     Radiation
    (Needs medium, Temperature gradient)
    Conduction is the transfer of
    heat between substances that
    are in direct contact with each
    other.
    Conduction
    (contd…)
    x
    Rate equations (1D conduction):
    A  Differential Form (FOURIERS LAW)
    T1
    q = - k A dT/dx, W
    q T2 k = Thermal Conductivity, W/mK
    A = Cross-sectional Area, m2
    T = Temperature, K or oC
    k x = Heat flow path, m
     Difference Form
    Heat transfer rate q = k A (T1 - T2) / (x1 - x2)

    Heat flux: q” = q / A = - kdT/dx (W/m2)


    (negative sign denotes heat transfer in the direction of
    decreasing temperature)
    (Needs fluid medium, energy transferred by diffusion)
    Ts>T∞
    moving fluid
    T∞
    q” Ts

    Convection heat transfer is the from one place to another by


    the movement of fluids.
    Rate equation
    (convection)

    U y U T
    y
    u(y) q” T(y)
    Ts
    Differential Form (NEWTONS LAW OF COOLING)
    Heat transfer rate q = hA( Ts-T  ) W
    Heat flux q” = h( Ts-T  ) W / m2 where
    h= k/∆x
    h=heat transfer co-efficient (W /m2K)
    (not a property) depends on geometry ,nature of flow,
    thermodynamics properties etc.
    Convection
    (contd…)

    Free or natural
    convection (induced by
    buoyancy forces) May occur with
    phase change
    Convection (boiling,
    condensation)
    Forced convection
    (induced by external
    force)
    Convection (contd…)

    Typical values of h (W/m2K)

    Free convection gases: 2 - 25


    liquid: 50 - 100
    Forced convection gases: 25 - 250
    liquid: 50 - 20,000
    (No needs medium, Heat Transfer by electro magnetic waves)

    RADIATION:

    Heat Transfer by electro-magnetic waves or photons

    Example
    Factors of surface emission properties:-

    rate of emission of radiation by a body depends upon


    following factors
    1.The temperature of the surface .
    2.Nature of the surface.
    3. Wave length or frequency of radiation.
    Emissive power of a surface (energy released per unit area)
    According to Stefan-Boltzmann law total emissive power
    Emissive power (E)=T4 (W/ m2)
    =Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.6697*10^-8 W/M^2 K^4)
    Rate equations
    (Contd….)

    Ts u r
    q”r a d. q”co n v.

    Ts Area = A

    Radiation exchange between a large surface and


    surrounding
    Emissive power E”r a d = A(Ts4-Tsur4) W/ m2
    = emissivity (property)………
    Emissivity ():-
    it is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to
    radiate heat it is also defined as the ratio of the emissive
    power of any body to the emissive power of black body of

    equal temperature .
     = E/Eb
    its values varies for different substances ranging for 0 to 1

    Black body surface  =1


    White body surface  = 0
    Gray body surface  =0 to 1
    APPLICATIONS OF HEAT
    TRANSFER
     Energy production and conversion
    - steam power plant, solar energy conversion etc.
     Refrigeration and air-conditioning
     Domestic applications
    - ovens, stoves, toaster
     Manufacturing / materials processing
    - welding , casting, soldering, laser machining
     Automobiles / aircraft design

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