Bioelectrochemistry: Name: Pranay A Shinde STD: MSC Part 1 ROLL NO: 120 Sub Teacher: Harshada Mam (Physical Chem)

Bioelectrochemistry
NAME: PRANAY A SHINDE

STD: MSC PART 1
ROLL NO: 120
SUB TEACHER: HARSHADA MAM (PHYSICAL CHEM)
CONTENT
•INTRODUCTION OF BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
•DEFINE BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
•APPLICATION OF BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
=>MEDICAL APPLICATION
=>AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION (CURRENT & FUTURE APP.)
•THE GOLDMAN EQUATION
•DERIVATION OF GOLDMAN EQUATION
•REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION OF
BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
• Bioelectrochemistry is a fast growing field at the interface between electrochemistry and other sciences
such as biochemistry, analytical chemistry and medicinal chemistry. In the recent years, the methods and
the understanding of the fundamentals have seen significant progress, which has led to rapid
development in the field. Here, the expert editors have carefully selected contributions to best reflect the
latest developments in this hot and rapidly growing interdisciplinary topic. The resulting excellent and
timely overview of this multifaceted field covers recent methodological advances, as well as a range of
new applications for analytical detection, drug screening, tumor therapy, and for energy conversion in
biofuel cells.
• The beginnings of bioelectrochemistry, as well as those of electrochemistry, are closely related to
physiology through the works of Luigi Galvani and then Alessandro Volta. The first modern work in this
field is considered that of the German physiologist Julius Bernstein (1902) concerning the source of
biopotentials due to different ion concentration through the cell's membrane.
DEFINE BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
• Bioelectrochemistry is a branch of electrochemistry and biophysical chemistry
concerned with electrophysiological topics like cell electron-proton transport,
cell membrane potentials and electrode reactions of redox enzymes.
• Also, the science of electrochemistry as it applies to living systems especially
in terms of biochemical and physiological processes (such as electron
transport) : electrochemistry as it relates to biological, biomedical, and
biotechnological applications (such as biosensors or immunoassays)
APPLICATION OF
BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY
• It is mainly applied or used in MEDICAL & AGRICULTURAL fields or
aspect
• Considering the enormous progress realized in the field of medical
applications of bioelectrochemistry, this review should give a general
overview summarizing and illustrating as far as possible, on the basis of
various examples, the different subfields in which electrochemical
methods have proved to be very useful in medical diagnostics and therapy.
MEDICAL APPLICATION
• During the last half century, bioelectrochemistry has enjoyed a very lively development in very different
directions, among which the medical applications are still extremely important. _
• TICS review covers:
(a) diagnostics using electrophysiological and electrochemical methods;
(b) therapeutics using low-frequency alternating pulsing electromagnetic fields, hyperacidification and other
auxiliary means:
(c) corrosion studies to identify the metal best suited for implants in iiving bodies; and
(d) electrochemical techniques to modify the genetic content of appropriate micro-organisms to produw
at relatively low cost products which are extremely important in therapy such as insulin, interferon,
etc.
AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION
• Bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are emerging energy-effective
andenvironment-friendly technologies. Different applications of BESs are
able to effectively minimizewastes and treat wastewater while
simultaneously recovering electricity, biohydrogen and othervalue-added
chemicals via speciﬁc redox reactions
• Although there are many studies that have greatlyadvanced the
performance of BESs over the last decade, research and reviews on
agriculture-relevantapplications of BESs are very limited
Current Applications of BESs in
Agriculture
• Direct Generation of Electric Power
• Production of Biohydrogen
• Production of Biofuels and Other Value-Added Chemicals
• Removal and Recovery of Nutrients
• Treatment of Agricultural Wastes and Wastewater
• Power Supply for Agricultural Monitoring Devices
Future Applications of BESs in Agriculture
• Self-Powered Biosensors
• Growing Food Without Sunlight
• In-Situ Soil Remediation
• Reuse of Agricultural Wastes in BESs
AND MANY MORE IN FUTURE……
THE GOLDMAN EQUATION
• Goldman equation is an equation used to calculate the electrical
equilibrium potential across the cell's membrane in the presence of more
than one ions taking into account the selectivity of membrane's
permeability. It is derived from the Nernst equation
• Essentially, the Goldman equation calculates the membrane potential
based on the electrochemical gradient of all permeant ions (usually Na+,
K+, Cl- and sometimes Ca2+ ) and the permeability of the membrane to
each ion.
DERIVATION OF
GOLDMAN EQUATION
When several ions are moving across the membrane simultaneously, a
steady value of membrane potential will be reached when the sum of the ionic
currents carried by the individual ions is zero; that is, for permeant ions A, B,
and C
IA + IB + IC = 0 ……………. (1)
The first step in arriving at a value of membrane potential that satisfies this
condition is to solve for the net ionic flux, 0, for each ion separately. The total
flux for a particular ion will be the sum of the flux due to the concentration
gradient and the flux due to the electrical gradient:
ΦT = ΦC + ΦV …………….. (2)
The expressions for ΦC and ΦV are given by Equations (A-10) and (A-12) in
Appendix A. Thus, Equation (2) becomes
ΦT = uRT(dC/dx) + uZFC(dV/dx)…….. (3)
If it is assumed that the electric field across the membrane is constant (this is
the constant-field assumption from which the equation draws its alternative
name) and that the thickness of the membrane is a, then
dV/dx = V/a ……………….(4)
In that case, Equation (3) can be written as
…………..(5)
This is a differential equation of the form
which has a solution
…………..(6)
In this instance, Q = ΦT/(uRT) and P(x) = (ZFV)/(RTa). Making these substitutions and integrating Equation
(6) across the membrane of thickness a (that is, from 0 to a) gives
…………(7)
This becomes
OR
Rearranging and combining terms yields
This can be solved for ΦT to yield
……(8)
Now, Ca and C0 are the concentrations of the ion just within the membrane. These concentrations are related to
the concentrations in the fluids inside and outside the cell by Ca = βCin and C0 = βCout,where β is the oil–
water partition coefficient for the ion in question. Substituting these in Equation (8) gives
……(9)
The permeability constant, pi , for a particular ion is given by pi = βuRT/a, or pi /RT = βu/a. Making this
substitution in Equation (9) gives
……….(10)
The flux, ΦT, for an ion can be converted to a flow of electrical current, as required in Equation (1), by
multiplying by ZF (the number of coulombs per mole of ion); therefore
…………(11)
This is the expression we need for each ion in Equation (1). For instance, if the three permeant ions are Na, K,
and Cl with permeabilities pNa, pK, and pCl, then Equation (1) becomes (keeping in mind that the valence of
chloride is −1)
Multiplying through by −exp (FV/RT)/−exp (FV/RT) and rearranging yields
This requires that

Or
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides and solving for V yields the usual form of the Goldman equation
HENCE DERIVED…..
REFERENCE
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328581052_Applications_of_E
merging_Bioelectrochemical_Technologies_in_Agricultural_Systems_A_
Current_Review
• Milazzo, G. (1988). Applications of bioelectrochemistry in medicine.
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry,
253(2), 191–205. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(88)87057-8
• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118687864.app2
• www.wikipedia.com/bioelectrochemistry
THANK YOU

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Bioelectrochemistry

NAME: PRANAY A SHINDE

This is a differential equation of the form

which has a solution

This can be solved for ΦT to yield

Multiplying through by −exp (FV/RT)/−exp (FV/RT) and rearranging yields

This requires that

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