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    Unit V: Combustion Stoichiometry and Kinetics, Flames and Types

    Uploaded by

    TUSHAR DAGAR
    The document discusses different methods of solid fuel combustion in boilers, including hand firing, mechanical stoking, underfeed stokers, traveling grate stokers, and pulverized fuel firing. It explains that the goal is to fully combust the fuel using sufficient air supply and proper fuel-air mixing to produce the designated steam temperature efficiently. The key methods covered are underfeed stokers, which push fresh coal onto a grate against an upward primary air flow; traveling grate stokers, where the coal burns as it moves along a continuously traveling grate; and pulverized fuel firing, where coal is finely pulverized and blown with air to maximize combustion efficiency due to the increased surface area.

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    Unit V: Combustion Stoichiometry and Kinetics, Flames and Types

    Uploaded by

    TUSHAR DAGAR
    35 views44 pages
    The document discusses different methods of solid fuel combustion in boilers, including hand firing, mechanical stoking, underfeed stokers, traveling grate stokers, and pulverized fuel firing. It explains that the goal is to fully combust the fuel using sufficient air supply and proper fuel-air mixing to produce the designated steam temperature efficiently. The key methods covered are underfeed stokers, which push fresh coal onto a grate against an upward primary air flow; traveling grate stokers, where the coal burns as it moves along a continuously traveling grate; and pulverized fuel firing, where coal is finely pulverized and blown with air to maximize combustion efficiency due to the increased surface area.

    Original Description:

    M5 FUELS

    Original Title

    FALLSEM2021-22_CHE2006_TH_VL2021220100388_Reference_Material_I_08-10-2021_Combustion_revised

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    The document discusses different methods of solid fuel combustion in boilers, including hand firing, mechanical stoking, underfeed stokers, traveling grate stokers, and pulverized fuel firing. It explains that the goal is to fully combust the fuel using sufficient air supply and proper fuel-air mixing to produce the designated steam temperature efficiently. The key methods covered are underfeed stokers, which push fresh coal onto a grate against an upward primary air flow; traveling grate stokers, where the coal burns as it moves along a continuously traveling grate; and pulverized fuel firing, where coal is finely pulverized and blown with air to maximize combustion efficiency due to the increased surface area.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    35 views44 pages

    Unit V: Combustion Stoichiometry and Kinetics, Flames and Types

    Uploaded by

    TUSHAR DAGAR
    The document discusses different methods of solid fuel combustion in boilers, including hand firing, mechanical stoking, underfeed stokers, traveling grate stokers, and pulverized fuel firing. It explains that the goal is to fully combust the fuel using sufficient air supply and proper fuel-air mixing to produce the designated steam temperature efficiently. The key methods covered are underfeed stokers, which push fresh coal onto a grate against an upward primary air flow; traveling grate stokers, where the coal burns as it moves along a continuously traveling grate; and pulverized fuel firing, where coal is finely pulverized and blown with air to maximize combustion efficiency due to the increased surface area.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 44
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are the different types of combustion processes, requirements for combustion, and methods of solid fuel firing in boilers.

    The different types of combustion processes mentioned are combustion with stationary flames, surface combustion or flameless combustion, and combustion with explosion flame.

    The requirements for combustion are fuel, oxygen (air), time for complete combustion, temperature to reach ignition temperature, and turbulence for proper fuel-air mixture.

    UNIT V

    Combustion stoichiometry and kinetics, flames and


    types
    Combustible substances
    Substances which burn in air to produce heat &
    light are called combustible substances.
    Eg :- wood, coal, charcoal, kerosene, petrol, diesel,
    liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural
    gas (CNG) etc.
    Wood Coal LPG Kerosene
    Combustion

     The chemical process in which a substance reacts


    with oxygen to produce heat is called combustion.
     The substance which undergoes combustion is
    called a combustible substance. It is also called a
    fuel.
     Sometimes light is also produced during
    combustion either as a flame or as a glow.
     Air is necessary for combustion.
    Types of combustion process
     Combustion with stationary flames. E.g. combustions in
    ovens and furnaces
     Surface combustion or flameless combustion. E.g. A tunnel
    burner
     Combustion with explosion flame. E.g. mine explosion,
    combustion in a gasoline engine.
     Combustion of solid fuels on grate. E.g. combustion of coal.
    Combustion of solid fuels
     Burned in beds in lumps (or pellet form) or in pulverized form
    suspended in the air stream.
    Combustion of liquid fuel
     Burned by vaporizing and mixing with air before ignited.
     Or in fine droplets which gets evaporated while mixing with
    the air stream.
    Combustion of gaseous fuel
     They are burned in burners where fuel and air are premixed.
    Fuel contains basic elements
     Carbon
     Hydrogen
     Sulphur
     Or its compounds
    Various combustion reactions
     C + O2 = CO2 – 97650 kcal/kmol  Exothermic reaction

     C + ½ O2 = CO – 29430 kcal/kmol  Exothermic reaction

     CO + ½ O2 = CO2 – 68220 kcal/kmol  Exothermic reaction

     C + CO2 = 2CO + 38790 kcal/kmol  Endothermic reaction

     H2 + ½ O2 = H2O – 57810 kcal/kmol  Exothermic reaction

     S + O2 = SO2 – 69800 kcal/kmol  Exothermic reaction

     C + H2O = CO + H2 + 23380 kcal/kmol  Endothermic reaction


      CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2 – 192400 kcal/kmol  Exothermic reaction
     C2H2 + O2 = 2CO2 + H2O – 312400 kcal/kmol  Exothermic
    reaction
     CmHn + O2 = m CO2 + n H2O – exothermic reaction
     CnH2n+2 + O2 = nCO2 + (n+1)H2O – exothermic reaction
     H2S + O2 = H2O + SO2 – 124850 kcal/kmol  Exothermic reaction
    Requirements for combustion
     Fuel (oil, gas, coal etc)
     Oxygen (air)
     The 3 “T’s”
     Time (for complete combustion)
     Temperature (to reach ignition temperature)
     Turbulence (for proper fuel – air mixture)
    Air Fuel ratio

    AF = mass of air/mass of fuel


    Equivalence ratio
    Ø = (F/A)actual/(F/A)stoichiometric

    This ratio is dimensionless and whereas air fuel


    ratio is expressed in terms of mass
    This ratio describes whether a fuel oxidizer is
    rich, lean or stoichiometric
    For fuel rich mixture Ø is greater than 1
    For fuel lean mixture Ø is less than 1
    % stoichiometric air

    % stoichiometric air = 100/ø


    Percent excess air

    % excess air = (1-ø)/ø


    Problem on Air Fuel ratio
     The gasoline (C8H18) is burnt with dry air. The volumetric
    analysis of products on dry basis is CO2= 10.02%, CO=
    0.88%, O2= 5.62% and N2= 83.48%. Determine (a) A/F ratio,
    (b) equivalence ratio (c) % stoichiometric air used and (d) %
    excess air
    Problem
     From the following combustion process, develop the combustion
    equation and determine the air-fuel ratio for the complete combustion of
    propane with a) theoretical air, and b) 75% excess air.
    Composition of air
     Oxygen – 23%
     Nitrogen – 77% By weight

     Oxygen – 21%
    By mole or volume
     Nitrogen – 79%
     % Theoretical air = Actual moles of air/ stoichiometric moles of air
    Propane (C3H8) is burned with 61% excess air, which
    enters a combustion chamber at 25°C. Assuming
    complete combustion and a total pressure of 1 atm
    (101.32 kPa), determine a) the air-fuel ratio [kg-
    air/kg-fuel], b) the percentage of carbon dioxide by
    volume in the products, and c) the dew point
    temperature of the products.
    In this problem Ethane (C2H6) is burned with
    atmospheric air, and the volumetric analysis of the dry
    products of combustion yields the following: 10% CO2,
    1% CO, 3% O2, and 86% N2. Develop the combustion
    equation, and determine a) the percentage of excess air,
    b) the air-fuel ratio, and c) the dew point of the
    combustion products.
    Heat of reaction/Heat of combustion
    CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

    Assume reaction proceeds in steady flow reactor with negligible change in


    kinetic energy and potential energy and involves no shaft work.

    Then from first law of thermodynamics, we have

    Q = dH = HP - HR = Ʃ niPhiP – Ʃ niRhiR = ∆H0R,298

    Heat of Combustion = Heat of reaction/ Mass of fuel


    One mole of CH4 is reacted with O2 in
    stoichiometric ratio. Consider that reactants
    are at temperature of 298.15 K and
    pressure of 101,325 Pa. Determine the heat
    of combustion
    Internal energy and enthalpy of
    species
     

    Umix = Ʃ Xiui
    hmix = Ʃ Xihi
    The enthalpy of a species can be expressed as
    given below
    hoi,T(T) = hof,298.15 +
    Adiabatic flame temperature
     The temperature of the products in an adiabatic combustion of
    fuel without applying any shaft work, is defined as the
    “Adiabatic Flame Temperature”.
     In a combustion process the heat produced during the
    exothermic chemical reaction is released to their product and
    the temperature of the products is raised.
     There is no possibility for dissipation of the heat to the
    surrounding and the process will be adiabatic as there is no
    heat loss to the surrounding.
     As a result, the temperature of the products suddenly increases
    and it produces a flame. This will heat up the product gases in
    flame region and the temperature rise will be maximum. This
    highest temperature is known as the adiabatic flame
    temperature.
     For equilibrium reaction,
    The Orsat analysis of the flue gases
    from a boiler house chimney gives
    CO2: 11.4%, O2: 4.2% and N2: 84.4%
    (mol%). Assuming that complete
    combustion has taken place. Calculate
    % excess air and C:H ratio in the fuel
    A furnace burning a hydrocarbon fuel has a stack gas analysis
    on dry basis as follows:
    CO2 – 10.2%, O2 – 8.3% and N2 – 81.5%
    Calculate:
     % excess air used
     Calculate the proportion of the heat of fuel carried away by the
    flue gases for the following data.
    Calorific value of coal coal: 30 MJ/kg
    Element C H O2 N2 S Ash

    Mass % 78 5 8 2 2 5

    It is burnt in a furnace with 50% excess air. The flue gas leaving the
    chimney is at 327 °C and the atmospheric temperature is 15 °C.
    Assume perfect combustion. Specific heat for dry products is 1045
    J/kg; heat carried away per kg of moisture in the flue gases is 3000
    kJ/kg. The composition of air by mass is O2 = 23% and N2 = 77%.
    Gravimetric analysis
    Problem 1
     The volumetric composition of a gaseous fuel is the following
    H2 = 50%, CH4 = 20%, C2H2 = 2%, CO2 = 5%, CO = 16%, N2 = 7%.
    a. Determine the molecular weight, and the density of the mixture
    at S.T.P. if the total pressure of the mixture is 1.03 kgf/cm2.
    b. Determine the gravimetric composition or composition by
    weight.
    Combustion of solid fuels inside boiler
    • For obtaining maximum fuel combustion efficiency it is required to complete
    combustion of fuel inside the boiler furnace.
    • For that, the sufficient supply of air and proper mixing of air with fuel are
    primary requirements.

    • The combustion should produce designated temperature of the


    steam boiler and maintains it consistently

    • In addition to these, the methods of firing steam boiler are such that, the
    system may easily be handled and also, operation and maintenance should
    be minimum.

    • There are mainly two methods of firing steam boiler with coal as fuel
    .
    One is solid fuel firing
    other is pulverized fuel firing.
    Solid fuel firing

    1. Hand Firing
    2. Mechanical Stroke Firing
    There are mainly two types of mechanical stoker firing systems.

    1. Under Feed Mechanical Stoker Firing


    2. Travel Grate Stoker Solid Coal Firing
    Under Feed Mechanical Stoker Firing

    Here, combustion takes place on the grate. The primary air is fed below the grate.
    The secondary air is allowed at the top of the grate. When the coal is burnt, it is
    pushed down by fresh coal. The fresh coal is pushed on the grate using rams as
    shown.
    The ignition occurs downwards against the primary air flow. The volatile matter
    filters through the bed and is completely burnt. The combustion rate is high. The
    light ash contents and combustion gases fly away to the atmosphere along with
    primary air. Heavier ash contents come down over the grate and ultimately fall
    into the ash pit.
    Travel Grate Stoker Solid Coal Firing

    Here, the coal is burnt on a chain grate which continuously travels forwards slowly, and
    combustion takes place during the journey of coal from the first end to the last end of
    the furnace. At the end of the combustion, heavier ash contents fall into ash pit by
    gravitational force as the grate chain moves like a conveyor belt. The lighter ash
    particles and combustion gases fly away with primary air.
    Pulverized Fuel Firing
    • For obtaining the most calorific value of coal, the coal is pulverised in fine
    powder and then mixed with sufficient air.
    • The mixture of coal powder and the air is fired in the steam boiler furnace to
    achieve most efficient combustion process.
    • Pulverized fuel firing is most modern and efficient method of boiler firing.
    • Due to pulverization, the surface area of coal becomes much larger, and in this
    method air required for combustion is much less.
    • As the quantity of required air and fuel both are less, loss of heat in this
    method of boiler firing is much less. Hence temperature can easily be reached
    to the designated level.
    • As the combustion is most efficient pulverized coal firingincreases the overall
    efficiency of a steam boiler.
    Burners and Types of burners

    1.Gas burners
    2.Vaporizing burner
    3.Atomizing burners
    A solution of specific gravity 1.0 consists of 35% A
    by weight and the remaining B. If the specific
    gravity of A is 0.7, calculate specific gravity of B

    Ans: 1.3

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