Domain & Range of Functions

• Exponential
• and
• Logarithmic
Functions
Def: Relation
• A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
• Designated by:
• Listing
• Graphs
• Tables
• Algebraic equation
• Picture
• Sentence
Def: Function
• A function is a set of ordered pairs
in which no two different ordered
pairs have the same first component.
• Vertical line test – used to

determine whether a graph
represents a function.
Defs: domain and range
• Domain: The set of first

components of a relation.
• Range: The set of second
components of a relation
Examples of Relations:
1, 2  , 3, 4 5, 6 

1, 2 , 3, 2 , 5, 2 
1, 2 , 1, 4 , 1,6 
Objectives
• Determine the domain, range of

relations.
• Determine if relation is a
function.
Intermediate Algebra 9.2
• Inverse Functions
Inverse of a function
• The inverse of a function is determined by
interchanging the domain and the range of
the original function.
• The inverse of a function
1
f
is not necessarily
a function.
 1
• Designated by
• and read f inverse
f
One-to-One function
• Def: A function is a one-to-one

function if no two different
ordered pairs have the same
second coordinate.
Horizontal Line Test
• A function is a one-to-one
function if and only if no
horizontal line intersects the
graph of the function at more
than one point.
Inverse of a function
f  1, 2  , 3, 4  , 5,6 
f 1
  2,1 4,3 ,  6,5 
Inverse of function
f  1, 2  , 3, 2  , 5, 2 
f 1
  2,1 ,  2,3 ,  2,5 
Objectives:
• Determine the inverse of a function whose
ordered pairs are listed.
• Determine if a function is one to one.
• Exponential Functions
Michael Crichton – The Andromeda Strain
(1971)
• The mathematics of uncontrolled
growth are frightening. A single cell
of the bacterium E. coli would, under
ideal circumstances, divide every
twenty minutes. It this way it can be
shown that in a single day, one cell of
E. coli could produce a super-colony
equal in size and weight to the entire
planet Earth.”
x
  log b x  log b y
y
xy   log b x  log b y
Definition of Exponential
Function
• If b>0 and b not equal to 1 and x is any real
x
 1
 1    e
 x
number, an exponential function is written
as
x
f ( x)  b
Graphs-Determine domain,
range, function, 1-1, x intercepts,
y intercepts, asymptotes
x
f ( x)  2
Graphs-Determine domain,
range, function, 1-1, x intercepts,
y intercepts, asymptotes
x
1
g ( x)   
2
x
Growth and Decay f ( x)  b
• Growth: if b > 1
• Decay: if 0 < b < 1

Properties of graphs of
exponential functions
• Function and 1 to 1
• y intercept is (0,1) and no x intercept(s)
• Domain is all real numbers
• Range is {y|y>0}
• Graph approaches but does not touch x
axis – x axis is asymptote
• Growth or decay determined by base
Natural Base e
x
 1
as x   1    e
 x
e  2.718281828
Calculator Keys
• Second function of divide

• Second function of LN (left
side)
x
e
Property of equivalent exponents
• For b>0 and b not equal to 1
x y
if b b
then x y
Compound Interest
• A= amount P = Principal t = time
• r = rate per year
• n = number of times compounded
nt
 r
A  P 1  
 n
Compound interest problem
• Find the accumulated amount in an account
if $5,000 is deposited at 6% compounded
quarterly for 10 years.
 4 10 
 .06 
A  5000 1  
 4 
A  $9070.09
Objectives:
• Determine and graph

exponential functions.
• Use the natural base e
• Use the compound interest
formula.
Dwight Eisenhower – American
President
• “Pessimism never
won any battle.”
• Logarithmic Functions
Definition: Logarithmic Function
• For x > 0, b > 0 and b not equal to 1 toe
logarithm of x with base b is defined by the
following:
y
log b x  y  x  b
Properties of Logarithmic Function
• Domain:{x|x>0}
• Range: all real numbers
• x intercept: (1,0)
• No y intercept
• Approaches y axis as vertical
asymptote
• Base determines shape.
Shape of logarithmic graphs
• For b > 1, the graph rises from

left to right.
• For 0 < b < 1, the graphs falls

from left to right.
Common Logarithmic Function
The logarithmic function with
base 10
log10 x  y  log x  y
Natural logarithmic function
The logarithmic function with a
base of e
log e x  y  ln x  y
Calculator Keys
• [LOG]
• [LN]
Objective:
• Determine the common

log or natural log of any
number in the domain of
the logarithmic function.
Change of Base Formula
• For x > 0 for any positive bases a and b
log a x
log b x 
log a b
Problem: change of base
log10 5 log 5
log 3 5  
log10 3 log3
log e 5 ln 5  1.46

log e 3 ln 3
Objective
• Use the change of base

formula to determine an
approximation to the
logarithm of a number when
the base is not 10 or e.
• Properties
• of
• Logarithms
Basic Properties of logarithms
log b 1  0
log b b  1
log b x  log b y  x  y
For x>0, y>0, b>0 and b not 1
Product rule of Logarithms
log b  xy   log b x  log b y

Quotient rule for Logarithms
x
log b    log b x  log b y
 y
Power rule for Logarithms
log b x  r  log b x 
r
Objectives:
• Apply the product, quotient,

and power properties of
logarithms.
• Combine and Expand
logarithmic expressions
Theorems summary Logarithms:
I .log b  xy   log b x  log b y

x
II .log b    log b x  log b y
 y
III .log b x  r  log b x 
r

Domain & Range of Functions

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Domain & Range of Functions

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• Exponential

• Vertical line test – used to

• Domain: The set of first

1, 2  , 3, 4 5, 6 

• Determine the domain, range of

• Def: A function is a one-to-one

f  1, 2  , 3, 4  , 5,6 

f  1, 2  , 3, 2  , 5, 2 

• Decay: if 0 < b < 1

• Second function of divide

• Determine and graph

• For b > 1, the graph rises from

• For 0 < b < 1, the graphs falls

• Determine the common

• Use the change of base

log b  xy   log b x  log b y

• Apply the product, quotient,

I .log b  xy   log b x  log b y

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