Occupation, Industry, or Season of Taking Fish or Other Sea Animals (Such As Sponges, Shrimp, or Seals) : FISHING

FISHERY
INTODUCTION OF FISHERY 1: the

occupation, industry, or season of taking fish or other sea
animals (such as sponges, shrimp, or seals) : FISHING
2: a place for catching fish or taking other sea animals
3: a fishing establishmentalso : its fisherman
4: the legal right to take fish at a particular place or in
particular waters
5: the technology of fishery —usually used in plural
FISHERY OBJECTIVE
Fisheries biologists (many, not all) tend to think that the
primary objective of fisheries management is to protect
fishery resources. All other goals are secondary. Fisheries
biologists realize of course that another objective of
fisheries management has to be providing for harvests. But
they tend to think that in order to protect fishery resources,
fish harvests should be sustainable. These objectives can be
measured in physical terms, such as numbers or volumes of
fish swimming in the ocean or harvested by fishermen.
DATA ANAYLSIS
The collection of fishery data is based on a relatively small group of concepts
and approaches, including most importantly the quantities harvested (catch),
the related type and duration of fishing operations (fishing effort), the
economic costs and returns of fishing and the distribution of these in time and
space.
Winter and open water angler surveys provide excellent opportunities to collect
length and weight data, scales for aging, and stomach contents to assess prey
availability. They are also our best source of data related to angler success. But to
assess the overall health of fish populations, biologists also directly sample fish
throughout the open-water season using nets, traps, and other sampling gear. These
methods are often more efficient and require less effort than angler surveys; and
because sampling equipment is standardized and not limited to legal-sized fish, direct
sampling provides better, less biased information on fish health and population
structure.
CONCLUSION
With the increasing demand for food fish, the decline in capture fisheries production, and the exhaustion of mangrove areas available for
fishpond expansion, aquaculture in the Philippines is heading towards intensification and the utilization of coastal waters for cage and pen
fish farming. This shift from low density to high density culture is consequently leading to an unprecedented rise in the demand for feeds more
than that of fertilizers.
At present the supply of the majority of locally available feedstuffs is already limited and the seasonal availability and occurrence of natural
calamities compound this problem. This situation is likely to worsen with the rapid growth of the poultry and livestock farming sectors. Unless
production of local feedstuffs is increased and its utilization made more efficient, the growth of fish culture, as well as that of land-based
animal farming, are bound to be more and more dependent upon the use of imported raw materials. Aquaculture specifically requires high
protein feed ingredients, such as fish meal and soybean oil meal, which have very little domestic production. The aquaculture industry must
work towards ways and means of efficiently managing and utilizing local feedstuff resources, such as by improving processing methods,
increasing digestibility and nutritional value, extending shelf life and freshness, and by developing formulations specific for each species,
culture system, and culture environment. Efficiency in feed utilization can also be better attained by ensuring hydrostability and by employing
appropriate feeding methods and strategies. The streamlining of marketing channels and the development of non-conventional feedstuffs that
are economically and commercially viable to mass produce, will be particularly valuable for the feed industry.
The rapid expansions in fish, poultry, and livestock farming due to the high demand and attractive profit margins will imminently result in an
oversupply of products. As farmgate prices eventually fall, production costs and competitiveness of aquaculture could be improved through
the greater use of fertilizers. However, the prospect of a significantly increasing yield in the country’s 200,000 ha of predominantly shallow
brackishwater milkfish ponds through improved fertilization practices will be difficult to realize unless the ponds are deepened or life support
systems are used. Competing use with agriculture is already limiting the supply of chicken manure in major aquaculture centres although the
abundant supply of livestock manure offers a potentially valuable resource if technology and economic feasibility for its use can be
established.
In conclusion, it is hoped that the information presented in this Atlas will promote the greater and more effective use of locally available raw
materials for feeds and fertilizers, and at the same time reduce dependence on imported feedstuffs. It is also hoped that the discussions will
help provide insights to farmers in their adoption of technologies for increasing productivity and profitability. This manuscript is a first step
towards the enormous task of rationalizing the use of the country’s limiting and abundant resources for aquaculture development and food
production. The author encourages the reader for feedback and suggestions on how to improve future editions of this Atlas.
REFERENCE
Reference points begin as conceptual criteria which capture in broad terms the management objective for the fishery. To
implement fishery management it must be possible to convert the conceptual Reference Point into a Technical Reference point,
which can be calculated or quantified on the basis of biological or economic characteristics of the fishery (Fig. 1). For example,
when the objective is to maximise yield, MSY has frequently been used as a conceptual reference point. The concept of MSY
has been interpreted in various ways, ranging from its strict technical meaning as the peak of the surplus production curve, or the
point of maximum surplus reproduction on a stock recruitment curve, to its more literal interpretation as the maximum constant
yield that can be taken year after year, as described by Sissenwine (1978) and Annala (1993).
The objectives of fishery management are generally more diverse than a simple maximisation of yield. They often include
considerations of foreign exchange, employment, contribution to disadvantaged rural areas, profit, inter alia. The concept of an
overall objective that incorporates all important factors for a fishery was reflected in the 1958 United Nations Oceans Convention
in Geneva, where the term “Optimal Sustainable Yield” emerged. Optimal Yield (OY) has since been variously defined as
allowing for inputs of “…economic, social and biological values […] rather than being limited to maximizing net profits or
maximizing sustainable yield” (Wallace 1975). Since it has no single technical definition, we do not consider OY to be a technical
reference point, but a state which may result when a series of criteria are satisfied which effectively ensure that the fishery
remains within a safe and productive area.
Smith et al. (1993) identify the lack of clearly defined management objectives as one of the main impediments to establishing
and adhering to Reference Points. As described above there may be many societal objectives in managing a fishery, and each
may correspond to the interests of a particular user group. Thus the stakeholders in a fishery need to agree on the management
objectives for the fishery. In order to reach agreement on a conceptual reference point users must understand the relationships
between the objectives, and the characteristics of the fishery: they must be able to appreciate the trade-offs among the various
possible reference points in real, even if only relative, terms: whether expressed as fishing mortality rates, catch rates, mean fish
sizes, etc. Various means of simplifying these relationships must be explored, in order to facilitate the participation of all users

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FISHERY

INTODUCTION OF FISHERY 1: the

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