GEOTECHNICAL

INSTRUMENTATION FOR
SLOPE STABILITY
PROBLEM

PAULUS P.RAHARDJO
RINDA KARLINASARI

GEOTECHNICAL COURSE PT.VALE INDONESIA

SOROWAKO, OCT 2010
INSTRUMENTATION

Objectives :
• provide information to
make assessment of the
safety and performance
of the projects
SLOPE INSTABILITY CASES
Cases of Slope Instability :
1. Natural Slope
2. Highway/ Road Excavation
3. Road Embankmant
4. Soil Disposal / Spoil Bank
5. River Bank
MONITORING SLOPE
INSTABILITY
Objectives (Dunnicliff) :
During design :
 Definition of Initial Site Condition
 Proof Testing
 Fact Finding in Crisis Situation

During construction :
 Observational Method
 Construction Control
 Providing Legal Protection
 Measurement of Fill Quantities
 Enhancing Public Relation
 Advancing the State of the Art

After Construction :
 Long Term measurement
 Long Term performance
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
Ground Water Table and Pore Water Pressure :
1. Observation Well
2. Piezometer
Soil Deformation :
1. Inklinometer
2. Extensometer
3. Survey Point/ Patok Geser
4. Settlement Plate /Cell
Soil Shear Strength
1. Tensiometer (Suction)
Volumetric Water Content :
1. Thetaprobe
 Observation Well:
 Measures the water
level of a water
table or an aquifer
 Piezometer:
 Measures the
pressure in a
confined aquifer or
at a special horizon
of the geological
profile
1.2. Open Stand pipe Piezometer
Open Standpipe Piezometer
 
Tipe piezometer ini adalah yang paling
reliable diantara yang lainnya, namun
demikian memiliki beberapa kelemahan
antara lain karena diperlukannya
perubahan volume air yang cukup besar
sebelum terdeteksinya perubahan pressure
head, hal inilah yang disebut dengan
hydrodinamic time lag.

Untuk melakukan pembacaan pada open

standpipe piezometer yang biasa
digunakan adalah electrical dipmeter,
terdiri dari dua kabel konduktor dengan
silindris pemberat stainless steel
diujungnya
  Small diameter
PVC pipe set in
an open hole
 The bottom of
the pipe is
slotted, capped
and the annular
space between
pipe and hole is
backfilled with
clean sand
 The area above
sand is sealed
with bentonite
clay

a) Standpipe Piezometer b) Driven Well Point

1.3. Other Type Piezometer

Pneumatic Piezometer

- Flexible diafragma

Vibrating Wire Piezometer

- Metal diafragma
1.4. Piezometer Result

Wesley
2. INCLINOMETER
2. INCLINOMETER
 Advantages : can detect and monitor complex
slope deformation and displacement along
multiple shear planes.
 Sensitivity : 10 arc/second (± 0.05 mm/m)
Inclinometers Casing
Inclinometer Position
2.1. Inclinometer Instalation

Cipularang Toll Road, 2006

2.2. Inclinometer Reading

Monitoring PLTA Besai Lampung, 2005

2.2. Inclinometer Reading

Monitoring Cipularang Toll Road, 2007

2.3. Inklinometer Result
2.3. Inklinometer Result (cont)
INKLINOMETER BI2
INKLINOMETER BI2 B-B
A-A Initial Reading 26 April 2005
Initial Reading 26 April 2005
-6

Incremental Cum Displacement

Incremental Cummulative
-4
Displacement (mm)
0
-2

(mm)
0
2

4
4
Depth (m)

6
6
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Depth (m)
5 Mei 2005 17 Mei 2005 13 Juni 2005 27 Juli 2005 26 Januari 2006 38824
8

INKLINOMETER BI2 (mm)

10
Initial Reading 26 April 2005

12 -8
Displacement B0-B180 (mm)

-6

14
Incremental Cum

-4

16 -2
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
0

18
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 2

4
5 Mei 2005 17 Mei 2005 13 Juni 2005
27 Juli 2005 26 Januari 2006 38824
6

Incremental Cum Displacement A0-A180 (mm)

5 Mei 2005 17 Mei 2005 13 Juni 2005
27 Juli 2005 26 Januari 2006 38824
2.3. Inklinometer Result (cont)
3. Extensometer

Magnetic probe ekstensometer

• angkur magnetic berlubang pada suatu casing.
• pembacaan dilakukan dengan melewatkan suatu
probe pada casing, memberikan signal
Kelebihan ekstensometer tipe ini
•pembacaan pada berbagai elevasi tergantung
banyaknya angkur magnetic yang dipasang.
Kelemahannya yang lain adalah dalam jangka
panjang angkur magnet yang dipasang saling
berdekatan dapat kehilangan daya magnetnya.
3.2. Rod Extensometer
single point borehole ekstensometer
(SPBX)

multipoint borehole ekstensometer

(MPBX).

Can measure larger slope displacement than inclinometers.

Sensitivity : ±0.01 mm/m
3.3 Extensometer Reading

Monitoring PLTA Besai Lampung, 2005

3.3. Extensometer Reading
4. Tensiometer
4.1. Quickdraw Tensiometer
4.2. Jetfill Tensiometer
4.2. Jetfill Instalation
4.2. Tensiometer Maintenance
4.3. Tensiometer Result

SUCTION

 OSMOTIC SUCTION

 MATRIX SUCTION

  u a  u w   
4.3. Tensiometer Result
Suction 1st Depth 0.6 m
12

10

8
Suction (kPa)

0
27-12-05 27-12-05 27-12-05 27-12-05 28-12-05 28-12-05 28-12-05 28-12-05 28-12-05 29-12-05 29-12-05 29-12-05 29-12-05 29-12-05
04:48:00 09:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00 09:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00 00:00:00 04:48:00 09:36:00 14:24:00 19:12:00

Time (Date,Hour)
5. Thetraprobe (ADR)
5. Thetraprobe (Amplitudo Domain
Reflectrometry : ADR)

Nilai Dielectric Constant Air Jauh lebih

besar daripada nilai Dielectric Constant
untuk material lain
Air 80
Es 3
Udara 1
Mineral tanah 3-7
Material tanah organik 2-5
Ruang hampa 0
Ethanol 24
5.1. Thetaprobe Instalation
5.2. Thetaprobe Reading
5.3. Thetaprobe Measurement Result

Thetaprobe 1st Depth 0.6 m

55.9

56.1

56.3
28-12-05 20:05:50

56.5
Volumetric Water Content (%)

29-12-05 14:21:22

27-12-05 14:03:36
56.7
29-12-05 14:57:47

56.9

57.1

57.3

57.5

57.7

57.9
27-12-05 00:00:00 27-12-05 12:00:00 28-12-05 00:00:00 28-12-05 12:00:00 29-12-05 00:00:00 29-12-05 12:00:00 30-12-05 00:00:00

Time (Date,Hour)
6. Jetfill Tensiometer & Thetaprobe
5.3. MEASUREMENT RESULT JETFILL TENSIOMETER vs
THETAPROBE

Soil Water Charachteristic Curve (SWCC)

4.3. MEASUREMENT RESULT JETFILL TENSIOMETER vs
THETAPROBE

Term on SWCC
RAIN GAUGE
Rainfall Data Lereng Cijengkol I (mm/hr)
Tahun 2005 - 2006 Total (mm)
60 1800

1600
50
1400

Rainfall Intensity (mm/h)

40 1200

Total Rainfall (mm)

1000
30
800

20 600

400
10
200

0 0
4/26/05 5/26/05 6/25/05 7/25/05 8/24/05 9/23/05 10/23/05 11/22/05 12/22/05 1/21/06 2/20/06 3/22/06
0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00

Date
Rockfill and Earthfill Embankment Dam
Intrumentation
Case : Wolf Creek Dam

Wolf Creek Dam , by US Army Corps of Engineering

Seepage Problem

Wolf Creek Dam , by US Army Corps of Engineering

1980 Cut Off Wall Instalation and
Monitoring

Wolf Creek Dam , by US Army Corps of Engineering

Piezometer Locations
Piezometers Results
Instrumentation Result

Wolf Creek Dam , by US Army Corps of Engineering

Decision : New Cut Off Wall 2007

Wolf Creek Dam , by US Army Corps of Engineering

Rainfall Induced Landslide
Monitoring

NTU, Singapore
CASE STUDY: CIJENGKOL SLOPE, CIPULARANG
TOLL ROAD

Initial Slope Excavation

Slope Contour
Type and Number of Instruments

No Type Number of
units
1 Inclinometer 3
2 Patok Geser 20
3 Jet Fill Tensiometer 3
4 ThetaProbe 3
5 Rain gauge 1
Instruments Location

Inklinometer

Jet Fill Tensiometer

ThetaProbe

Patok Geser
Inclinometer Location
BH2

BH3
BH1

Lereng 1 (sisi Utara) Lereng 2 (sisi Selatan)

Inklinometer Result (Slope2)
SWCC Result

SWCC Thetaprobe vs Tensiometer 1, 2

60

50

Vol. Water Content (x 0.001)

Volumetric Water Content (%)

40

Series1
30
Series2

550
20
500

450
10

400

0 350
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Suction (kPa) 300

250

200

150
1 10 100 1000

Suction
Rainfall : Influx Parameter
Rainfall Data Lereng Cijengkol I (mm/hr)
Tahun 2005 - 2006 Total (mm)
60 1800

1600
50
1400
Rainfall Intensity (mm/h)

40 1200

Total Rainfall (mm)

1000
30
800

20 600 60

400

q (x 0.001)
10
200 50

0 0
4/26/05 5/26/05 6/25/05 7/25/05 8/24/05 9/23/05 10/23/05 11/22/05 12/22/05 1/21/06 2/20/06 3/22/06
0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 0:00 40
Date

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time
Numerical Modelling (Slope 1)

1.238
55
Elevation (m)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Distance (m)
Numerical Modelling (Slope 2)

55

1.328
Elevation (m)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

Distance (m)
Preventive Action

HD13
HD8 HD7
HD10
Thank You
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS

Objectives :
• provide information to make assessment

of the safety and performance of the

projects
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS
CASE STUDY : RECLAMATION PROJECT IN
SEMARANG
Measured Parameters :
• surface & subsurface settlements
• subsurface lateral displacements
• pore pressures
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
S
Standpipe & Hydraulic Piezometer
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS

Vibrating Wire Piezometer

GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS

Vibrating Wire Piezometer

GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS
Magnet Extensometer
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS
Inclinometer
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS
Inclinometer
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS
Settlements
Kurva Settlement vs Waktu
0

-50
Settlement (cm)

-100

-150

-200

-250
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Waktu (hari)
 GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS
Asaoka Method
d e 2  Fn  ln 1 de kh ds
ch  Fn  ln  0.75   ln
8  t dw kr dw
e:
= equivalent flow distance
= diameter of smeared zone
equivalent diameter of vertical drain
= coefficient of permeability of radial direction of the natural soils
= coefficient of permeability in radial direction of the soils in the smeared z
GEOTECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTATIONS
Ch BH Cv Ratio
No. b1
(cm2/det) No. (cm2/det) Ch/Cv
SP-01 0.7458 0.00175 BH-8 0.0013 1.32
SP-02 0.7308 0.00187 BH-13 0.0015 1.24
SP-03 0.7222 0.00194 BH-13 0.0015 1.28
SP-04 0.7285 0.00189 BH-8 0.0013 1.43
SP-05 0.7162 0.00199 BH-14 0.0015 1.29
SP-06 0.7258 0.00191 BH-14 0.0015 1.24
SP-07 0.7425 0.00178 BH-8 0.0013 1.35
SP-08 0.7356 0.00183 BH-14 0.0015 1.19
SP-09 0.7476 0.00174 BH-14 0.0015 1.13