TOLANI MARITIME INSTITUTE

Course Title
Digital electronics and PLC
Course Code - UG11T3402

Lecture 1
Lecture Title – Number System

Mr. Ashish Sharma

Assistant Prof.
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics
Contents
1. Learning Objectives
2. Syllabus
3. Number System
4. Summary
5. References
Learning Objectives

The purpose of this subject is to cover the basic concepts and

techniques used in Digital Systems. By this students get the
in-depth knowledge of Digital Systems.
 Syllabus
Digital Circuits: logic system and gates. Boolean algebra, simplifications, Binary
and BCD codes, Flip flops; counters; registers and multiplexers

Converters ( A-D and D-A ): Analog to digital and Digital to analog converter and
their use in data loggers

TTL & CMOS GATES: Digital Integrated circuits, semiconductor Memories-ROM,

RAM and PROM

Programmable logic controller: 14 Hrs Concept of a generalized PLC

configuration CPU, power supply, I/O modules-DI, DO, AI, AO, specialty modules,
PLC Rack power supply, Addressing, Serial communication network, Remote Input
Output terminals (RTU) PLC programming, Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
overview, PLC and control system components, Number systems and codes,
Creating Relay logic Diagram
….Contd.
PLC Programming: Programming Logic gates functions in PLCs, PLC timer
functions, PLC counters functions, PLC math functions, PLC logic functions,
PLC compare, Jump, and MCR (Master Control Reset) functions, PLC
subroutine functions, Sequencer functions, PLC network in manufacturing,
Troubleshooting and servicing the PLC system.

Case Studies: Motor drive logic, Fault annunciation logic, Flap gate operation
logic, sequence operation logic.

SCADA: Overview, Traditional control, Distributed control, what do SCADA

provide? Generic software, Architecture and SCADA functions

Microprocessor 8085 Architecture, Memory, Instruction Set, Interfacing

assembly language programming
….Contd.

Electronics Instruments and measuring devices: Cathode Ray oscilloscope,

Digital voltmeter and frequency meter, Multimeter; signal generators, signal
generators as used on board ship (like measuring and controlling various
variable) Transducer and its application in measurement of rpm, pressure, flow,
temperature, strain etc. Q meter, IC tester, LCD
Number Systems
In digital electronics, the number system is used for
representing the information. The number system has different
bases and the most common of them are the decimal, binary,
octal, and hexadecimal. The base or radix of the number
system is the total number of the digit used in the number
system. Suppose if the number system representing the digit
from 0 – 9 then the base of the system is the 10.
Types of Number Systems
Number System
Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No

Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No

Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17
Conversion Among Bases

The possibilities:
Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 Decimal to other base system
• Step 1 - Divide the decimal number to be converted by the
value of the new base.
• Step 2 - Get the remainder from Step 1 as the rightmost digit
(least significant digit) of new base number.
• Step 3 - Divide the quotient of the previous divide by the new
base.
• Step 4 - Record the remainder from Step 3 as the next digit (to
the left) of the new base number.
Cont..
• Repeat Steps 3 and 4, getting remainders from right to left,
until the quotient becomes zero in Step 3.
• The last remainder thus obtained will be the most significant
digit (MSD) of the new base number.
Decimal to Binary
• Technique

– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder

– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)

– Second remainder is bit 1

– Etc.
Example
2 125
12510 = ?2 2 62 1

2 31 0
15 1
2
7 1
2
2 3 1

2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
Decimal to Octal
• Technique

– Divide by 8

– Keep track of the remainder

Example

123410 = ?8
8 1234
154 2
8
19 2
8
2 3
8
0 2

123410 = 23228
Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique

– Divide by 16

– Keep track of the remainder

Example

123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
Other to Decimal base system
• Step 1 – Determine the column(positional) value of each digit.

• Step 2 – Multiply the obtain column values by the digits in the

corresponding columns.

• Step 3 – Calculate the sum of these products.

Binary to Decimal
• Technique

– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of the

bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
– Add the results
Example

Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Octal to Decimal
• Technique

– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of the

bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
– Add the results
Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique

– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the “weight” of the

bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on
the right
– Add the results
Example
ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
Binary to Octal
• Technique

– Group bits in threes, starting on right

– Convert to octal digits

Example

10110101112 = ?8

001 011 010 111

1 3 2
7

10110101112 = 13278
Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
Example

7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique

– Group bits in fours, starting on right

– Convert to hexadecimal digits

Example
10101110112 = ?16

0010 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique

– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent

binary representation
Example

10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
Example

10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

0010 0011 1110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
Example
1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

001 111 100 001 100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
Binary Addition

Example:
• Rules:
• Binary add of 1101 and
• 0+0=0 ; 1011 is
1101
• 0+1=1 ;
+ 1011
• 1+0=1; 11000
• 1+1=10,

i.e. 0 with a carry of 1

Binary Subtraction

Example:
• Rules:
• Binary Sub of 10001
• 0-0=0 ; and 01101 is
10001
• 1-1=0 ;
- 01101
• 1-0=1; 00100
• 0-1=1,

i.e. 1 with a borrow of 1

Binary Multiplication
Example:
• Rules: • Binary Multi of

• 0x0=0 ;
1101.101
• 1x1=1 ; x 101.010
• 1x0=0; 1011101
0000000x
• 0x1=0, 1011101xx
0000000xxx
1011101xxxx
111101.00001
 Binary Division
Divide 101101 by 110 is
110) 101101 (111.1
- 110
1010
- 110
1001
- 110
110
- 110
000
Octal Addition
Add 327.54 to 665.37
327.54
+ 665.37
1215.13
 Octal Subtraction
Subtract 20.14 to 16.47
20.14
- 16.47
01.45
 Octal Multiplication
Multiply 2763.5 to 6 (30)10=(36)8 (sum:6,Carry:3)
2763.5 (18)10=(22)8
x 6 (22)8+(3)8=(25)8 (sum:5,Carry:2)
21665.6 (36)10=(44)8
(44)8+(2)8=(46)8 (sum:6,Carry:4)
(42)10=(52)8
(52)8+(4)8=(56)8 (sum:6,Carry:5)
(12)10=(14)8
(14)8+(5)8=(21)8 (sum:1,Carry:2)
 Octal Division
Divide 4570.32 by 6 6 cannot go in 4, so consider (45)8
6 ) 4570.32 (624.042 (45)8=(37)10 (36)10=(44)8 (times:6, R:1)
44 (17)8=(15)10 (12)10=(14)8 (times:2, R:3)
17 (30)8=(24)10 (24)10=(30)8 (times:4, R:0)
14 (03)8=(03)10 (times:0,
R:3)
30
(32)8=(26)10 (26)10=(30)8 (times:4, R:2)
30
(20)8=(16)10 (16)10=(14)8 (times:2,
032 R:4)
30
20
14 The Quotient is 624.0428 and remainder is 48
4
Complements
• Conventional addition (using carry) is easily implemented
in digital computers.
• Subtraction by borrowing is difficult and inefficient for
digital computers.
• It is much more efficient to implement subtraction using
ADDITION OF the COMPLEMENTS of numbers.
r’s Complement
• Given a number N in base r having n digits,

• The r’s complement of N is defined as rn - N.

• For decimal numbers the base or r = 10, so the 10’s

complement of N is 10n -N.
 10’s complement

• For numbers with base or Example

• The 10’s complement of
r=10, r’s complement is
546700 is
10’s complement.
• The 10’s complement is 1000000
- 546700
given by 10n –N
= 453300
2’s complement

• For binary numbers, r = Example:

2, • The 2’s complement of
• r’s complement is the 1011001 is
2’s complement. 10000000
• The 2’s complement of - 1011001
N is 2 n - N. = 0100111
(r-1)’s Complement
• Given a number N in base r having n digits.

• The (r- 1)’s complement of N is defined as (rn - 1) - N .

• For decimal numbers the base or r = 10 and r- 1= 9, so the

9’s complement of N is (10n -1)-N
 9’s complement

• For numbers with base or Example:

r=10 the (r-1)’s complement • The 9’s complement of
is 9’s complement. 546700 is
• 9’s complement is given by 999999
(10n -1)-N.
- 546700
= 453299
1’s complement

• For binary numbers, Example:

• r = 2 and (r — 1) = 1, r-1’s • The complement 1’s of
complement is the 1’s 1011001 is
complement. 1111111
• The 1’s complement of N is - 1011001
(2n - 1) - N = 0100110
Summary
We have discussed:
• What is content in syllabus
• What is signal and system, number system and types of
number system.
 References
1. Morris Mano,Digital Circuits & Logic Design,PHI
2. Gothman,Digital Electronics,PHI
3. Tocci,Digital Electronics,PHI
4. Mavino & Leach,Digital Principles & Applications,PHI
5. R P Jain, “Modern Digital Electronics”,Tata McGraw-Hill publishing
company Ltd.
6. SimonHaykin,Introduction to Analog & Digital Communication,Oxford
University.
7. Lathi B.P.,Modern analog & digital communication,Oxford University.
8. Taub and Schilling,Digital Integrated Electronics