CSC 220: Computer Organization

Unit 1
Number Systems
Prepared by:
Md Saiful Islam, PhD
Department of Computer Science
College of Computer and Information Sciences
 Overview

• Common Number Systems

• Conversion Among Bases
• Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)

Chapter-1
M. Morris Mano, Charles R. Kime and Tom Martin, Logic and Computer Design
Fundamentals, Global (5th) Edition, Pearson Education Limited, 2016. ISBN:
9781292096124
 Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
Binary Numbers
 Conversion Among Bases

• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 Group 1: To Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by bn, where b is the “base”
– n is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where 2n is the “weight” of the bit
– n is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Converting Binary to Decimal

What is the decimal equivalent of the binary

number 1101110?

1 x 26 = 1 x 64 = 64
+ 1 x 25 = 1 x 32 = 32
+ 0 x 24 = 0 x 16 =0
+ 1 x 23 = 1x8 =8
+ 1 x 22 = 1x4 =4
+ 1 x 21 = 1x2 =2
+ 0 x 2º = 0x1 =0
= 110 in base 10

13
 Octal to Decimal

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where 8n is the “weight” of the bit
– n is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
 Hexadecimal to Decimal

• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where 16n is the “weight” of the bit
– n is the position of the bit, starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
 Group 2: From Decimal
• Technique
– Divide by the base, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example
12510 = ?2

2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228
 Decimal to Hexadecimal

• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216
 Group-3: Except Decimal

• Technique
– Convert each digit to a equivalent binary representation

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary

• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary
representation

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012
 Hexadecimal to Binary

• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
 Octal to Hexadecimal

• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Example

1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
 Exercise – Convert ...

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
 Fractions

• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)

3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04

1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

pp. 46-50
 Fractions

• Binary to decimal

10.1011 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625

1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875

pp. 46-50
 Fractions

• Decimal to binary .14579

x 2
3.14579 0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
11.001001... etc.

p. 50
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
 4-Bit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Systems
• The 4-bit BCD system is usually employed by the computer systems to
represent and process numerical data only.
• In the 4-bit BCD system, each digit of the decimal number is encoded to its
corresponding 4-bit binary sequence.

Decimal digits Weighted 4-bit BCD code

0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
 4-Bit BCD Code

• Represent the decimal number 5327 in BCD code.

4-bit BCD representation of decimal digit 5 is 0101

4-bit BCD representation of decimal digit 3 is 0011
4-bit BCD representation of decimal digit 2 is 0010
4-bit BCD representation of decimal digit 7 is 0111

Therefore, the BCD representation of decimal number 5327 is

0101001100100111.