1.

Number Systems
 Common Number Systems

Used by Used in
System Base Symbols humans? computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa- 16 0, 1, … 9, No No
decimal A, B, … F
Quantities/Counting (1 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
p. 33
Quantities/Counting (2 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Quantities/Counting (3 of 3)
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17 Etc.
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Quick Example

2510 = 110012 = 318 = 1916

Base
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100 = 5

2 x 101 = 20
1 x 102 = 100
125

Base
 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit of the integer part by 2n,and
each bit of fractional part by 2-nwhere n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 towards the left before the decimal point
and -1,-2,… towards the right.
– Add the results
 Example
Bit “0”

101011.0112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
0 x 2-1= 0
1 x 2-2= 0.25
1 x 2-3= 0.125
43.37510
 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit of the integer part by 8n,and
each bit of fractional part by 8-n where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0,1,… towards the left before the decimal
point and -1,-2,… towards the right.
– Add the results
 Example

724.238 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
2 x 8-1 = 0.25
2 x 8-2 = 0.046875
468.29687510
Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit of the integer part by 16n,and
each bit of fractional part by 16-n where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0,1,… towards the left before the decimal
point and -1,-2,… towards the right.
– Add the results
 Example
ABC.5916 =>C x 160 = 12
B x 161 = 176
A x 162 = 2560
5 x 16-1 = 0.3125
9 x 16-2 = 0.03515625
2748.3476562510
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
Technique
• Integer
Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
Second remainder is bit 1
Etc.
• Fraction
Multiply by two, keep track of the integer part.
 Example
125. 1457910 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
.14579 x 2= 0.29158
0.29158 x 2= 0.58316 2 31 0
0.58316 x 2= 1.16632 2 15 1
0.16632 x 2= 0.33264
etc. 2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 01111101.00102
 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation
 Example
705.2538 = ?2

7 0 5 2 5 3

111 000 101 . 010 101 011

7058 = 111000101.0101010112
Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation
 Example
10AF.5916 =
?2

1 0 A F 5 9

0001 0000 1010 1111 . 0101 1001

10AF16 = 0001000010101111.010110012
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
Technique
• Integer
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
• Fraction
Multiply by two, keep track of the integer part.
 Example
1234.5210 = ?8

.52 x 8 = 4.16 8 1234

0.16 x 8 = 1.28 8 154 2
0.28 x 8 = 2.24
0.24 x 8 = 1.92 8 19 2
etc. 8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 2322.41218
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
1234.7310 = ?16

.73 x 16 = 11.68 16 1234

0.68 x 16 = 10.88 16 77 2
0.88 x 16 = 14.08
0.08 x 16 = 1.28
16 4 13 = D
etc. 0 4

123410 = 4D2.BAE116
 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits
 Example
1011010111.01102 = ?8

1 011 010 111 .011 0

1 3 2 7 3 0

10110101112 = 1327.308
Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
 Example
1010111011.11012 = ?16

10 1011 1011 .1101

2 B B D

10101110112 = 2BB.D16
 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary
 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
 Exercise – Convert ...
Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33
1110101
703
1AF

Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
 Exercise – Convert ...

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8
101.1101
3.07
C.82
Don’t use a calculator!

Skip answer Answer

 Exercise – Convert …
Answer

Hexa-
Decimal Binary Octal decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
Thank you