Chapter 2

MATHEMATICS AS
A TOOL (PART I)
 Lesson 4

DATA
MANAGEMENT
Intended Learning Outcomes
◦ Use a variety of statistical tools to process and
manage numerical data
◦ Use the methods of linear regression and
correlations to predict the value of a variable given
certain conditions
◦ Advocate the use of statistical data in making
important decisions
Lesson Coverage
◦ Basic Statistical Concepts
◦ Measures of Central Tendency
◦ Measures of Dispersion
◦ Measures of Relative Position
◦ Probability and the Normal Distribution
◦ Correlation and Linear Regression
◦ Chi-square
BASIC STATISTICAL
CONCEPTS
Lesson Coverage 1
What is STATISTICS?
◦ Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or
observations that are systematically collected and
analyzed.

◦ Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science

which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of
data and interpretation of results.
What is STATISTICS?
◦ Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or
observations that are systematically collected and
analyzed.

◦ Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science

which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of
data and interpretation of results.
What is STATISTICS?
◦ Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or
observations that are systematically collected and
analyzed.

◦ Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science

which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of
data and interpretation of results.
 Two Major Fields of Statistics
APPLIED THEORETICAL/MATHEMATICAL

◦ Concerned with the ◦ Concerned with the

procedures and techniques development of the
used in the collection, mathematical foundations of
presentation, organization, the methods used in applied
analysis, and interpretation of statistics.
data.
Under Applied Statistics:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ Includes all the techniques ◦ Includes all the techniques
used in organizing, used in analyzing the sample
summarizing and presenting data that will lead to
the data on hand without generalizations about a
drawing conclusion or population from which the
inferences about a large group. sample came from.
Under Applied Statistics:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ Includes all the techniques ◦ Includes all the techniques
used in organizing, used in analyzing the sample
summarizing and presenting data that will lead to
the data on hand without generalizations about a
drawing conclusion or population from which the
inferences about a large group. sample came from.
Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ The head nurse wants to ◦ The head nurse wants to
determine the number of infer whether the number
COVID-19 patients for the of COVID-19 patients for
past 3 months. the past 3 months
significantly differ
between genders .
Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ A businessman wants ◦ The businessman wants
to know his profit for to estimate his profit
the past 6 months. for the next 6 months.
 Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ Dr. Reyes wants to ◦ Dr. Reyes wants to
identify her students’ conclude whether her
performances in Statistics students’ performance in
and Mathematics Statistics is significantly
respectively. related to their performance
in Mathematics.
Let’s Do These:
Identify the given statements as descriptive or inferential.

1. A prediction whether it will rain tomorrow or not. inferential

2. The average age of students in a statistics class over 22 descriptive
years.
inferential
3. Forecast of the direction of typhoon Ulysses.
4. A pie graph of number of students enrolled in online and descriptive
modular classes.
descriptive
5. A table presenting the number of passers per school in a
recently release board examination.
Population vs Sample
◦ Population - is the totality of elements under consideration
in a statistical investigation. The specific characteristic of
the population is described using the summary measure
called parameter.
◦ Sample - is a subset of a population. The specific
characteristic of the sample is described using the
summary measure called statistic.
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦ All students enrolled at ◦ Statistics major
Cebu Technological students enrolled at
University Cebu Technological
University
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦ All applicants of Senior ◦ Male applicants of
High School Senior High School
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦ All residents of ◦ DSWD 4P’s-recipient
Municipality of residents of
Tabogon Municipality of
Tabogon.
Let’s Do These:
A factory overseer selects 40 threaded rods at
random from those produced that week at the
factory, then she tests their tensile strength.
Which of these is the appropriate population and sample to be
considered?
All threaded rods ever produced The threaded rods produced at
at the factory. the factory that week.
The threaded rods produced at All threaded rods ever produced
the factory that week. at the factory.

All threaded rods in the world. The 40 threaded rods selected.

A group of librarians is interested in the numbers of books and
other media that patrons check out from their library. They
examine the checkout records of 150 randomly selected adult
patrons.
Which of these is the appropriate population and sample to be
considered?
The population is all adult patrons of the library; the
sample is the 150 patrons selected.
The population is all patrons of the library; the
sample is the adult patrons of the library
The population is all patrons who check out at least 1
book from the library; the sample is the 150 patrons
selected.
Variables and Their
Classifications
◦ A variable is a characteristic,
description, or attribute of
persons or objects which assumes
different values or labels.
Classification of Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
◦ yields categorical responses. ◦ yields numerical responses
Answers, “what kind”. representing an amount or
quantity. Answers, “how much” or
◦ Example: civil status, religious “how many”.
affiliations, citizenship, etc. ◦ Example: no. of children in the
family, blood pressure,
temperature, etc.
Classification of Quantitative
Variables
Discrete Continuous
◦ pertains to the principle of ◦ assumes values which are
counting. associated with points on an
◦ No. of students interval of the number line.
◦ No. of patients ◦ Also pertains to the process of
measurement with corresponding
units.
◦ Height, weight, temperature, etc.
Four (4) Levels of Measurement
Nomina
l categorizing subjects into groups or categories

Ordinal ranked categorical data

numeric in nature and the distances any
Interval
two numbers are known.
Ratio numeric in nature and has an
absolute zero point.
Four (4) Levels of Measurement
Nomina
l Type of cars, gender of respondents

Ordinal Degree of effectiveness, satisfactory evaluation

Interval IQ score, temperature (Fahrenheit and

Celsius)
Ratio Age, income, examination scores
 Let’s Do These:
Discrete Nominal
Qualitative Continuous Ordinal
Quantitative (only when given is Interval
quantitative)
Classify the given as: Ratio

1. Number of siblings
Quantitative Discrete Ratio
in the family

2. ID Number Qualitative NA Nominal

3. Performance in
Statistics Qualitative NA Ordinal
(BA, A, AA)
 Let’s Do These:
Discrete Nominal
Qualitative Continuous Ordinal
Quantitative (only when given is Interval
quantitative)
Classify the given as: Ratio

4. Raw score in
Quantitative Discrete Ratio
Statistics

5. Combined Monthly Quantitative Continuous Ratio

Income of Family

6. Body temperature Quantitative Continuous Interval