Hello and Good Morning

To everyone!
We are the group 4 and this is our
presentation for today!
MEMBERS:
JEREMY ANANA
CLINT GALUA
JHEF CABELTES
SAY RODRIGUEZ
AUSTIN OCAMPO
 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
 A crystal structure is defined as the particular repeating arrangement of
atoms (molecules or ions) throughout a crystal. Structure refers to the
internal arrangement of particles and not the external appearance of the
crystal.
 In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered
arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material. Ordered
structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form
symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of 
three-dimensional space in matter.
 The smallest group of particles in the material that constitutes this repeating
pattern is the unit cell of the structure. The unit cell completely reflects the
symmetry and structure of the entire crystal, which is built up by repetitive 
translation of the unit cell along its principal axes. The translation vectors
define the nodes of the Bravais lattice.
 There are three common crystal structure as shown above:
• Cubic body centered (bcc)
• Cubic face centered (fcc)
• Hexagonal
 The most common mineral group in Earth's crust is the silicates group, which comprise about 90% of the
crust. Silicates are such a large group of minerals that almost 1/3 of all minerals are silicates.
 Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups. They are the largest and most
important class of minerals and make up approximately 90 percent of Earth's crust. In mineralogy, silica SiO ₂
is usually considered a silicate mineral.
 All silicate minerals share a common building block: the silica tetrahedron. This four-sided molecule
consists of four oxygen (O) atoms and one silicon (Si) atom. The oxygen atoms are anions with a minus-2
charge (O2-) that are covalently bonded to a single silicon cation with a plus-4 charge (Si 4+).
 SILICATE STRUCTURES
 The basic structural unit of all silicate minerals is the silicon tetrahedron in which one silicon atom is surrounded
by and bonded to (i.e., coordinated with) four oxygen atoms, each at the corner of a regular tetrahedron. These
SiO4 tetrahedral units can share oxygen atoms and be linked in a variety of ways, which results in different
structures. The topology of these structures forms the basis for silicate classification. For example, nesosilicates
 are minerals whose structure are made up of independent silicate tetrahedrons. Sorosilicates are silicate
minerals consisting of double tetrahedral groups in which one oxygen atom is shared by two tetrahedrons. 
Cyclosilicates, in contrast, are arranged in rings made up of three, four, or six tetrahedral units. Inosilicates show
a single-chain structure wherein each tetrahedron shares two oxygen atoms. Phyllosilicates have a sheet structure
in which each tetrahedron shares one oxygen atom with each of three other tetrahedrons. Tectosilicates show a
three-dimensional network of tetrahedrons, with each tetrahedral unit sharing all of its oxygen atoms.
 TYPES & CLASSIFICATION OF SILICATES
• Ortho silicates (or Nesosilicates)
• Pyro silicate (or Sorosilicates)
• Cyclic silicates (or Ring silicates)
• Chain silicates (or pyroxenes)
• Double chain silicate (or amphiboles)
• Sheet or phyllosilicates.
• Three dimensional (or tecto) silicates.
 SILICATE MINERALS
 Silicate mineral, any of a large group of silicon-oxygen compounds that are widely distributed throughout
much of the solar system. A brief treatment of silicate minerals follows. For full treatment, see 
mineral: Silicates.
 The silicates make up about 95 percent of Earth’s crust and upper mantle, occurring as the major 
constituents of most igneous rocks and in appreciable quantities in sedimentary and metamorphic varieties
as well. They also are important constituents of lunar samples, meteorites, and most asteroids. In
addition, planetary probes have detected their occurrence on the surfaces of Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Of
the approximately 600 known silicate minerals, only a few dozen—a group that includes the feldspars, 
amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas, olivines, feldspathoids, and zeolites—are significant in rock formation.
 Silicate minerals are the most common of Earth's minerals and include quartz, feldspar, mica, amphibole,
pyroxene, and olivine. Silica tetrahedra, made up of silicon and oxygen, form chains, sheets, and
frameworks, and bond with other cations to form silicate minerals.
 NON-SILICATE MINERALS
 Non-silicates are minerals that do not include the silicon-oxygen units characteristic of
silicates. They may contain oxygen, but not in combination with silicon.
 Minerals that contain combinations of silicon and oxygen in their chemical structure are called
silicates and minerals without silicon and oxygen are called nonsilicates.
 Examples include gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe).
Diamond and graphite are also native element minerals, both composed entirely of carbon. The
ways in which the carbon atoms are bonded dictates their very different properties.
 The crystal structure of non-silicate minerals does not contain silica-oxygen tetrahedra. Many non-
silicate minerals are economically important and provide metallic resources such as copper, lead,
and iron. They also include valuable non-metallic products such as salt, construction materials,
and fertilizer.
 PETROLOGY
 Petrology is the study of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - and the processes
that form and transform them. Mineralogy is the study of the chemistry, crystal structure and
physical properties of the mineral constituents of rocks.
 Petrology (from Ancient Greek πέτρος (pétros) 'rock', and -λογία (-logía) 'study of') is the branch of 
geology that studies rocks and the conditions under which they form. Petrology has three
subdivisions: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary petrology. Igneous and metamorphic
petrology are commonly taught together because they both contain heavy use of chemistry,
chemical methods, and phase diagrams. Sedimentary petrology is, on the other hand, commonly
taught together with stratigraphy because it deals with the processes that form sedimentary rock.
 Petrology plays an important role in ascertaining the physical and chemical composition of rocks
and the different conditions that influence their formation. Modern petrologists rely on
knowledge in mineralogy to help in mapping and sampling of rocks.
 ROCK CLASSIFICATION
 A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals, and certain non-mineral materials such as fossils
and glass.  Just as minerals are the building blocks of rocks, rocks in turn are the natural building
blocks of the Earth's LITHOSPHERE (crust and mantle down to a depth of about 100
km), ASTHENOSPHERE (although this layer, in the depth range from about 100 to 250 km, is partially
molten), MESOSPHERE (mantle in the depth range from about 250 to 2900 km), and even part of
the CORE (while the outer core is molten, the inner core is solid).  Most rocks now exposed at the
surface of the Earth formed in or on continental or oceanic crust.  Many such rocks, formed beneath
the surface and now exposed at the surface, were delivered to the surface from great depths in the
crust and in rare cases from the underlying mantle.
 There are three major classes of rocks, IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY, and METAMORPHIC
 IGNEOUS ROCK
 Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary
and metamorphic. Igneous rock is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The
magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust. 
 IGNEOUS ROCKS form by crystallization from molten or partially material, called MAGMA.  Magma
comes mainly from two places where it is formed, (1) in the asthenosphere and (2) in the base of the
crust above subducting lithosphere at a convergent plate boundary.  There are two subclasses of
igneous rock, VOLCANIC (sometime called EXTRUSIVE), and PLUTONIC (sometimes
called INTRUSIVE).
 Igneous rocks (from the Latin word for fire) form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.
The melt originates deep within the Earth near active plate boundaries or hot spots, then rises toward
the surface. Igneous rocks are divided into two groups, intrusive or extrusive, depending upon where
the molten rock solidifies.
The most common igneous rocks are classified by crystal size and color. Common and
important igneous rocks are as follows:
 GRANITE- Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly
of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica
 and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the 
continental crust of Earth, where it is found in igneous intrusions. These range in size from 
dikes only a few centimeters across to batholiths exposed over hundreds of square
kilometers.

 RHYOLITE- Rhyolite is the most silica-rich of volcanic rocks. It is generally glassy or fine-

grained (aphanitic) in texture, but may be porphyritic, containing larger mineral crystals (
phenocrysts) in an otherwise fine-grained groundmass. The mineral assemblage is
predominantly quartz, sanidine, and plagioclase. It is the extrusive equivalent to granite.
 GABBRO- Gabbro is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the
slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the 
Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro is chemically equivalent to rapid-cooling,
fine-grained basalt. Much of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of gabbro, formed at 
mid-ocean ridges. Gabbro is also found as plutons associated with continental volcanism.

 BASALT- Basalt is an aphanitic extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-
viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or
moon. More than 90% of all volcanic rock on Earth is basalt. 
 TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
 Intrusive rocks/plutonic rocks
• Intrusive/plutonic rocks and How its formed
• Intrusive, or plutonic rocks forms when magma is trapped deep inside the Earth. Great globs of
molten rock rise toward the surface. Some of the magma may feed volcanoes on the Earth's
surface, but most remains trapped below, where it cools very slowly over many thousands or
millions of years until it solidifies.
• Intrusive/plutonic rock Characteristics
• The intrusive/plutonic rocks are largely characterized by the size, shape and texture of the
crystals. Different types of intrusive igneous rocks are also classified as well based on the size of
the crystal. 
 Extrusive rocks/volcanic rocks
• Extrusive/volcanic rock and How its formed
• Extrusive, or volcanic rocks is produced when magma exits and cools as lava at, or near the
Earth's surface. Exposed to the relatively cool temperatures of the atmosphere, the lava cools
quickly meaning that mineral crystals don't have much time to grow.
• Extrusive/volcanic rock Characteristics
• They are characterized by fine-grained textures because their rapid cooling at or near the surface
did not provide enough time for large crystals to grow. Rocks with this fine-grained texture are
called aphanitic rocks. The most common extrusive rock is basalt.
ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT OUR TOPIC THAT WE
HAVE SHARED AND DISCUSSED?
IS THERE SOMETHING WE HAVE TO CLARIFY
THAT YOU DIDN’T UNDERSTAND?
DID YOU ALREADY UNDERSTAND WHAT WE HAVE
DISCUSSED?
IF THAT’S THE CASE THEN WE WILL BE THE ONE
ASKING QUESTIONS.
 QUESTIONS
 What is The basic structural unit of all silicate minerals?
 Silicon Tetrahedron.
 What do you call the minerals that don’t contain silicon and oxygen?
 Non-silicates.
 Do you think that petrology is the reason that we had found rocks?
 Yes.Why?
 How are igneous rocks formed?
 It is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
 What made up about 95 percent of Earth’s crust and upper mantle?
 Silicates.
THANKS FOR LISTENING AND WE HOPE
YOU KEEP THOSE THINGS IN MIND!

THAT’S ALL FOR GROUP 4, THANKS

AND GODBLESS!