Quaid-e-Azam Mohamed Ali Jinnah

• As Nationalist Muslim And as Muslim

Nationalist
• How did various factors prompt M.A Jinnah
to abandon his demand for home rule (self
government) and struggle for a separate
homeland for Indian Muslims.
Nationalist Muslim and Muslim Nationalist

• A Nationalist Muslim was the one who

believed in the Indian Nationalism based on
Indian geography and Indian soil.
• Muslim Nationalist
• A Muslim Nationalist was the one who
considered himself a Muslim first and Indian
afterwards.
 Jinnah’s Launching in Politics of India
• Jinnah launched himself into politics as an ardent
nationalist having no communal feelings in view of
his rational, liberal, pragmatics and democratic
outlook.
• He joined congress in 1903 the only party available,
in India in his time.
• He chose not to join Muslim league at the time of
its creation as he opposed to separate
representation for Muslims which he thought of
dividing the Indian nation.
 Jinnah's Launching in Politics
• He was elected to the Imperial Legislative
Council against constituency for Muslims
from Bombay as congressman in 1905.
 His Romance with Hindu Muslim Unity

• He stood for Hindu-Muslim understanding

and cooperation.
• Muslim league adopted a resolution of ‘self
government suitable to India’ as its new
ideal.
• Jinnah Joined All Indian Muslim League in
1913 while retaining his membership of All
Indian Congress.
• Due to the Jinnah's initiative, Congress and
League held its next annual sessions jointly in
Lakhnow in 1916 and concluded the famous
Lakhnow Pact.
• Jinnah earned the reputation and given the
title of ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity by
Sarojini Naidu a congressi leader.
Early Phase of Muslim Separatism
• The Partition of Bengal 1905.
• Shimla delegation Oct. 1906
• Establishment of Muslim league in Dec 1906.
• Minto Marley reforms in 1909
• Main provisions.
• Enlargement of provincial councils: 50 for large and 30
for small councils 60 for central council.
• No powers to members to raise questions or control to
government just could be heard, heard and heard only
 Significance for Muslims
• System of separate representation.
• Communal elections.
• Separate electorate to save from Hindu
exploitation.
• Weightage given.
Experience of Hindu-Muslim Amity 1912-24

• The scenario that led to this period of fraternity.

• Anti-British feelings of even liberal westernized
Muslims' and in orthodox Muslims.
• Pro-alliance feeling for congress as excessive loyal to
British did not pay.
• Muslim league adopted congress objective of self
government for India in 1913.
• Jinnah’s role as liberal Muslim and joining of Muslim
league in 1913.
• World war 1 1914-1918 and khilafat issue.
 The lakhnow Pact 1916
• The great loud work of Jinnah
• Congress agreed on
• Separate Muslim representation.
• There shall be self-government in India.
• Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central
government.
• System of weightage should be adopted.
• The number of the members of Central Legislative Council should
be increased to 150.
• At the provincial level, four-fifth of the members of the Legislative
Councils should be elected and one-fifth should be nominated.
 `
• No bill concerning a community should be passed if
the bill is opposed by three-fourth of the members
of that community in the Legislative Council.
• Term of the Legislative Council should be five years.
• Members of Legislative Council should themselves
elect their president.
• Maximum autonomy to the provinces in financial
and administrative matters
 Khilafat Movement 1919
• The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was an
agitation by Indian Muslims allied with Indian
nationalism in the years following World War
1.
• Its purpose was to pressure the British
government to preserve the authority of the
Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam following
the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the
end of the war 1.
 Who started the Khilafat movement and why?

• A campaign in defense of the caliph was launched,

led in India by the brothers Shaukat and
Muhammad Alī and by Abul Kalam Azad.
• The leaders joined forces with Mahatma Gandhi's
noncooperation movement and abstain of British
products for Indian freedom, promising nonviolence
in return for his support of the Khilafat movement.
• awakening role of Muslim press.
• Migration movement.
 Government of India Act 1919
• Government of India Act 1919 was passed by British
Parliament to further expand the participation of
Indians in the Government of India.
• Since the act personified reforms as recommended
by a report of Edwin Montagu {Secretary of State for
India} and Lord Chelmsford {Viceroy and Governor
General}.
• Bicameral legislative.
• Direct elections for both houses eligibility of voters
was limited.
• Dyarchy, also spelled diarchy, system of double government
introduced by the Government of India Act (1919) for the
provinces of British India.
• It marked the first introduction of the democratic principle
into the executive branch of the British administration of
India.
• Though much-criticized, it signified a breakthrough in British.
• Certain subjects such as education, public health, local
government, industries known as ‘transfer subjects’ were
allocated to the chosen ministers who only responsible to the
provincial legislature
• The other subjects known as ‘Reserved
Subjects’ consisting of Finance, Land
Revenue, Administration, Police Canal and
Irrigation were headed by bureaucrats who
were only responsible to the Governor.
• Rowllat Acts, (February 1919), legislation passed by
the Imperial Legislative Council, the legislature of
British India.
• The acts allowed certain political cases to be tried
without juries and permitted internment of
suspects without trial that introduce Anarchical
and Revolutionary Crime in 1919,
• It was virtually enforcing Marshal law curtailing
freedom of peaceful assembly and restricting press.
• In protest against Rowllat Act 1919 Jinnah resigned from
the central legislative council.
• Gandhi launched Satayagarah Movement of strikes
against government.
• The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the
Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April, 1919 when
troops of the British Indian Army under the command of
Colonel Reginald Dyer fired machine guns into a crowd
of unarmed protesters, along with Baishakhi pilgrims,
who had gathered in Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab.
 The Nehru report 1928 vs. Jinnah's 14 points
• The Nehru committee demanded repudiation of separate elections.
• It demanded the Form of Government at the center would be Federal
with substantial powers invested in the control of Government.
• It recommended the one-third Muslim representation at the central
legislative.
• The committee demanded interdiction of reforming Baluchistan and
N.W.F.P provinces.
• The foreign affairs, defense and army should be placed under the control
of parliament and viceroy.
• Unitary form of the Government to establish in the center.
• Hindi should be the official language.
• Nehru's Recommendations were against the interest of the Muslim
Community
• The Muslims could not surrender their right to separate electorates.
• The principles of non-reservation and joint electorates were to make
their position in Punjab and Bengal provinces.
 Jinnah 14 points
• In March 1929, the Muslim league session
was held at Delhi under the presidency of
Jinnah. In his address to his delegates, he
consolidated Muslim viewpoints under
fourteen items and these fourteen points
became Jinnah 14 points.
• Federal System
2.Provincial Autonomy
3.Representation of Minorities
4.Number of Muslim Representative
5.Separate Electorates
6.Muslim Majority Provinces
7.Religious Liberty
8.Three-Fourth Representation
9.Separation of Sind
10.Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan
11.Government Services
12.Protection of Muslim's culture and Language
13.One-Third Muslim Ministers
14.Constitution
 Round Table Conferences
• The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–32 were a
series of conferences organized by the British Government
to discuss constitutional reforms in India.
• All parties were present except for the Congress, whose
leaders were in jail due to the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
• On January 19, 1931, the first round table conference was
officially finished. Lord Irwin decided that in the absence of
Congress leaders the future of India could not be decided.
On January 25, 1931, M.K Gandhi and his colleagues were
released from jail and Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed.
• The Second Round Table Conference, lasted 7 September 1931
to 1st December 1931, made more controversies for British
Government.
• Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar has died before that conference.
• To resolve the issues of federal and minorities, Gandhi appointed
himself the member of both committees.
• In the absence of other representatives, he remained fail to
resolve the issues.
• He presented already rejected Nehru Report to resolve the
communal problem.
• Separate electorate for Untouchables in the award forced Gandhi
to start fast unto death..
 Communal Award
• On August 16, 1932, the British Government decided to give its famous
Communal Award.
• In this Award, principle of Weightage was applied (Muslim lost majority
in Punjab, Sikh got advantage in Punjab, Europeans got advantage
in Bengal because of principle of Weightage).
• Sindh was awarded the status of separate province.
• Finally, Communal Award declared untouchables as a minority in India and
thus the Hindus depressed classes were given a number of special seats.
• At that All India Muslim League was divided into two factions, both expressed
their dissatisfaction on that Award.
• At last Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah decided to accept this award till
alternative solution.
• The Hindu press considered it against the fundamental principle of nationalism
for India
• The third Round Table Conference, November 17, 1932 to November
24, 1932, the Congress, and Labour Party did not take part.
• It was decided to setup a federal legislature in India consisting of
elected representatives of the British India and of the representatives
of the state to be nominated by respective ruler.
• The first Conference did not gain success because of the absence of
the Congress, the Hindu representative and the second Conference
remained fail because of the presence of the Congress.
• At the end of these conferences British Government issued a White
Paper based on the recommendations which was handed over to
Select Committee.
• On July 4, 1935 a new constitution of India came into being which was
approved by both of the Houses of the Parliament.
• The decade of 1930 was a period of transition
and change for the political direction of
Jinnah.
• He settled in London after 1931.
 The Government of India Act in 1935

• The Government of India Act 1935 was the

last constitution of British India which split
Burma from it.
• It lasted until 1947, when British territory
was split into Pakistan, India.
 Salient Features of the Government of
India Act 1935
• All India Federation.
• Diarchy at Centre.
• Federal Legislature.
• Provincial Autonomy.
• Safeguards and Reservations.
• Establishment of Federal Court.
• Abolition of Indian Council
 Rule of Congress Ministries
• The Government of India Act of 1935 was
practically implemented in 1937.
• The provincial elections were held in the
winter of 1936-37.
• There were two major political parties in the
Sub-continent at that time, the Congress and
the Muslim League.
• Congress won the absolute majority in the five provinces
and was the largest province in four other.
• It was invited to united provinces, the central provinces,
Bihar, Orissa, madras, Bombay and later, Assam and the
three remaining provinces(Punjab, Sindh and Bengal) where
there was a Muslim majority ,the league did not fare well.
• It won only 109 out of 482 seats while on the other hand
congress won huge number of votes, however, which seats
reserved for Muslims.
• The election had not been a success for the muslin league
1935 Act of India and congress ministries

• The Government of India Act 1935 was the

last constitution of British India which split
Burma from it.
• It lasted until 1947, when British territory
was split into Pakistan, India.
• Sindh was separated from Bombay, Orissa
was separated from Bihar, and Burma was
separated from India.
• Salient Features of the Government of India Act
1935 were as follows:
• All India Federation.
• Dyarchy at Centre.
• Federal Legislature.
• Provincial Autonomy.
• Safeguards and Reservations.
• Establishment of Federal Court.
• Abolition of Indian Council.
 Indian Provincial Elections, 1937
• Provincial elections were held in British India
in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the
Government of India Act 1935.
• Elections were held in eleven provinces -
Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa,
United Provinces, Bombay Presidency,
Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab and Sindh.
• Congress ministries were formed in July 1937 in
several provinces, including the United Provinces,
Madras, the Central Provinces, Bombay, Bihar,
Orissa, and after sometime in the North-West
Frontier Provinces (NWFP).
• It also formed coalition ministries in Sind and
Assam.
• Only Bengal and Punjab had non-
Congress governments, where Muslim ministries
but not Muslim league were established.
The Unconstitutional Policies of Congress
Ministries
• the bitter policy against Muslims during their
tenure.
• Hindi became the national language,
• Congress flag became the national flag, and
Bande Matram became the national anthem.
• A strict prohibition was laid on cow slaughter
• Widia Mandir Scheme and Wardah Schem.
 The Pirpur Report:
• On March 28, 1938, the Council of ML
appointed an eight-member committee
under the president ship of Raja Syed
Muhammad Mehdi of Pirpur that presented
its report on, November 15, 1938.
• It tried to dig out the cruelties of the
Congress ministries in seven provinces.
The Congress ministries resigned in 1939

• The Congress ministries resigned in October

and November 1939, in protest against
Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring
India to be a belligerent in the Second World
War without consulting the Indian people.
 The Lahore Resolution
• The Lahore Resolution (Qarardad-e-Lahore
‫)ق رارداد ال ھور‬, commonly known as the
Pakistan Resolution (‫ق رارداد پ اک ستان‬
Qarardad-e-Pakistan) was a political
resolution, or statement drafted between
22nd to 24th March 1940, by the 25-member
Working Committee of the All-India Muslim
League,
• This resolution asked for greater Muslim autonomy
within British India. Accepted this as a call for a
separate Muslim state, Pakistan.
• The resolution was presented at Minto Park (now
renamed 'Iqbal Park'), in Lahore, by Maulvi Fazal-e-
Haque on the instructions of the Working Committee.
• the declaration made in this resolution in 1940
recognized as the goals of the Muslim League
became increasingly fixed upon achieving an
independent nation-state.
Muslim League’s Stand Point on Resolution
1940
• Final message to the congress: no two nations under
a single state.
• Division Pure And Simple.
• Idea of partition adopted as Final Objective.
• Freedom for all and not for one section (Hindu) alone.
• A Constitution providing for “A Permanent Rule by A
Permanent Majority over A Permanent Minority” Not
Acceptable to Muslims.
• Muslims, A Nation by any Definition of Word Nation
 The Cripps mission 1942
• The British were alarmed at the successive victories
of Japan during 1940s.
• When Burma was turned into a battle field and the
war reached the Indian boarders.
• the British started feeling more concerned about the
future of India.
• Situation in the country was further complicated as
the Congress wanted to  take advantage of the
situation by accelerating their efforts in their struggle
for independence.
 The Cripps mission
• The Cripps mission was an attempt in late
March 1942 by the British government to
secure full Indian cooperation and support
for their efforts in World War II.
• The mission was headed by Sir Stafford
Cripps, Lord Privy Seal which held the rank of
a senior minister, and leader of the House of
Commons.
• The first time, British government recognized the “Right of Dominion’
for India.
• Indians were given promise of liberty to frame their own constitution.
• The Cripps mission which was a move to appease the Congress, Muslim
League and Indian states at the same time was rejected by all of them.
• Gandhi wanted an undivided India, Muslim league wanted a separate
Pakistan , Congress demanded a full control over defense “stating that a
slave country cannot have any inspiration” .
• Muslim league said there was inadequate representation of Muslims.
• Sikhs rejected because of non accession of provinces.
• Hindu Mahasabha rejected because the “Pakistan Virus” was alive.
• The Dalits and depressed classed also rejected because there was
nothing new for them.
 1945 Wavell
• In May 1945 Wavell visited London and
discussed his ideas with the British
Government.
• These London talks resulted in the
formulation of a definite plan of action which
was officially made public simultaneously on
June 14, 1945.
 The Shimla Conference 1945
• The Shimla Conference 1945 was a meeting between the Viceroy and
the major political leaders of India.
• the Wavell Plan for Indian self-government.
• that provided separate representation for Muslims and reduced
majority powers for both communities in their majority regions.
• Talks, however, delayed on the issue of selection of Muslim
representatives
• Seeking to assert itself and its claim to be the sole representative of
Indian Muslims, the Muslim league refused to back any plan in which
the congress, the dominant party in the talks, appointed Muslim
representatives.
• This destroyed the conference, and perhaps the last viable
opportunity for a united, independent India.
 General Elections (1945-46)
• After the failure of Simla conference Lord
Wavell announced general and provincial
elections after which constitutional making
body was to be set up.
• This Elections for central legislature were
held on December 1945 with the limited
franchise.
Party Seats Leader

Central Legislative Assembly

Indian National
Congress 59 Sarat Chandra Bose

Muslim League 30 Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Akali Dal 2

Independents 3
 Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• All of the British Government's attempts to
establish peace between the Congress and
the Muslim League had failed.
• To end this, the British government sent a
special mission of cabinet ministers to India.
 Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• The Cabinet Mission to India was consisted of the Secretary of
state Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, and the President of
the Board of Trade and A.V.
• Purpose: to seek agreement between political forces on
constitutional issues.
• The British Indian Provinces and the territories should be divided
into three groups.
• the first group should contain Punjab, North-West Frontier
Province, Sind and Baluchistan.
• The second group should contain Bengal and Assam.
• The third group should contain the rest of the Provinces. UP, CP,
Mudras Bombay, Orissa, Behar,
 Cabinet Mission Plan 1946
• These first two groups should contain the Muslim majority
areas and the third group the Hindu areas.
• A Constituent Assembly should be elected to frame a
constitution for the Indian Union. The three groups of
Provinces should also possess their separate constitution.
• A Province should have the right to leave the Union in future if
it so liked after elections under its new constitutions.
• There should be an Interim National Government with leaders
of the Indian parties to take charge of the administration.
• Cabinet mission could not bridge the gap and no agreement on
the fundamental issues.
• The Cabinet Mission thus upheld the unity of India
and rejected the idea of independent Pakistan. These
provisions however provided much autonomy to the
Muslim Majority Provinces, to run their own affairs.
It was thus a compromise formula between Indian
unity and the interests of Muslim majority areas.
• The Muslim League while accepting the plan
reasserted its goal of sovereign Pakistan and urged
on the Viceroy to proceed with the plan of an Interim
Government.
 Congress Stance on Cabinet Mission Plan
• The Congress President felt delighted that the Cabinet
Mission rejected the partition proposal.
• But the Congress as a whole was unhappy on the formation
of a Weak Central Government. Moreover the right of the
province to leave the union in future was considered a
dangerous proposal.
• Congress believe, Grouping alone could guarantee Jinnah an
effective say in center.
• Bengal and Punjab have large share of center’s spoils.
• they wanted British to quit India, transferring powers
quickly and leaving a strong system.
• Jinnah strategy required a leisurely time table. he needs a
long and slow game to secure the substance of his demands.
• The Viceroy refused to do so in the absence of Congress
participation in the Interim Government and he insisted
on the formation of the Interim Government with the
representation of both the Congress and the League.
• The Muslim League then withdrew its acceptance of the
Cabinet Mission Plan. Jinnah felt alarmed. As a desperate
means of protest he appealed the Muslims throughout
India to observe 16th August 1946 as the “Direct Action
Day”. The call of Jinnah opened path for violent
communal disturbances which influenced the political
history of India in surprising manner.
1946 Interim Government of India
• On September 2, 1946 interim government of India
was established and it had the task of assisting the
transition of British rule to Indian people.
• It remained in place till the independence of both
nations.
• The Viceroy Executive Council served as the executive
branch of interim government.
• The newly elected Constituent Assembly of India, had
the task of assisting the transition of India and
Pakistan from British rule to independence.
1946 Interim Government of India
• Congress: accepted the constitution-making
part of the plan.
• Nehru replaced Mulana Abu-ul- kalam Azad as
congress president,
• He changed his mind and considered congress
free to alter the plan as it thought best.
• Muslim league resigned from their seats in
interim government.
END OF GAME MOUNTBATTEN AND PARTITION

• Issue: one sovereign state with Hindu

majority and Muslims in minority or Two
sovereign stats with safeguards for
minorities.
• Congress stood for single constituent
assembly where Hindu would have majority.
• League: for two separate constituent
assemblies of Muslims and Hindus
 END OF GAME MOUNTBATTEN AND PARTITION

• Congress passed a resolution of partition of

India on communal basses.
• Jinnah was purposed if he wanted sovereign
Pakistan then to agree on division of Bengal
and Punjab and accept truncated Pakistan.
• The assumption was that the recourses of a
truncated Pakistan would be so strained that
for external defense needs, he would need to
come into a defensive alliance with Hindustan.
END OF GAME MOUNTBATTEN AND PARTITION

• The London point of view was without the western

districts of Bengal and eastern districts of Punjab
Pakistan would not be able to pay for internal
external security.
• An undivided army the best security against a total
break down of order before transfer of power.
• The lord Mountbatten sent India with free hand to
make and implement policy for undivided army
and division of Bengal and Punjab.
END OF GAME MOUNTBATTEN AND PARTITION

• Jinnah begged viceroy not to destroy the unity

of Bengal and Punjab.
• Undivided Muslim provinces can achieve the
substance of autonomy for the Muslim areas.
• The undivided provinces was the only way
Jinnah might have rescue his strategy.
• Jinnah insisted on cabinet mission plan.
• Cabinet mission was a complete provincial
autonomy.
END OF GAME MOUNTBATTEN AND PARTITION

• Congress was not ready to share power with league in

center.
• Mission plan was dead.
• Mountbatten said it was congress that insisted on
partition and it was Jinnah who was against partition.
• Jinnah demanded Mountbatten not to divide Bengal
what is the use of Bengal without Calcutta they had
batter remained united and independent.
• Suherwardy offered a sovereign Muslim state in
Bengal.
 3rd June Plan1947
• In February 1947 Attlee announced that the British
would leave India no later than June 1948. A new
viceroy, Viscount Mountbatten was sent to work out a
plan for the transfer of power.
• This was also known as the Mountbatten Plan.
• The British government proposed a plan announced on 3
June 1947 that included these principles:
• Principle of the Partition of British India was accepted by
the British Government.
• Successor governments would be given dominion status.
 3rd June Plan1947
• Hindu majority provinces were not given any
choice to decide their future. they had to
remain in the existing constituent assembly.
• Referendum in NWFP and in Silahit.
• Sind assembly and Quetta municipal committee
will decide their future by majority vote.
• Bengal and Punjab will be divided on the
communal bases.
 Indian Independence Act 1947
• Indian Independence Act 1947 was the
legislation passed and enacted by the British
Parliament that officially declared the
Independence of India.

•Pakistan Zinda Abad