Aait - Itsc 1071 (Fundamentals of It) : Lecture 3 - Networking
Aait - Itsc 1071 (Fundamentals of It) : Lecture 3 - Networking
Aait - Itsc 1071 (Fundamentals of It) : Lecture 3 - Networking
(Fundamentals of IT)
Lecture 3 – Networking
Reading (see piazza – reading section):
- Handouts from Harvard university (Must read) (http://
cdn.computerscience1.net/2010/spring/lectures/3/notes3.pdf)
- Warriors of the Net video on YouTube (Recommended)
- Text book chapter 3 (Further reading)
What Is the Internet?
1969
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What Is the Internet?
1977
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What Is the Internet?
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Sending Data Over The Internet
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Trace Route
Tracing data path from US (Netwok-tools.com) to Ethiopia (AAiT)
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Trace Route
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IP Address
IP (Internet Protocol) address: numerical address
given to each computer connected to the Internet
An IP address consists of four numbers (ranging
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What is my IP
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Domain Name System (DNS)
Difficult to remember IP address if you want
to request information from another computer
Domain Name: human-readable name given to a
related group of networked computers
E.g facebook.com, aait.edu.et
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Internet Domain Hierarchy
DNS is Arranged Hierarchically (Like Ethiopian Names)
- root gives a name for et (Ethiopia) and stores its IP
- et gives domain names for education (edu)
government organization (gov) and stores their respective IP addr
- et in turn gives names for bdu and aait and stores IP addresses
General
root
top-level
org net et com uk ca
domains
aait bdu
Specific
aait.edu.et 12
Top-Level Domain
top-level domain: last part of domain name
Examples:
.com (commercial)
.org (organization)
.edu (education)
.gov (government)
.et (Ethiopia)
.uk (United Kingdom)
.ca (Canada)
Some top-level domains (e.g., .com and .org) are open for
registration to anyone, whereas others (e.g., .gov and .edu)
have rules restricting eligibility.
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DNS Lookup Example
root
t DNS server
du .e
it.e et
aa S
N et
t DNS server
aait.edu.et it .e du.e
aa
.et
S edu
N
aait.edu.et
edu.et
A aait=IPaddr
Local DNS DNS server
Client
resolver
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Domain Registration
To get your own website, you’ll need to register a
domain name of your own on DNS servers
.gov, .edu are restricted
But you can buy from .net, .com, .org, .et
Since 2009 there are new additions such
as .bike, .clothing, …
You must also tell them the IP address of the server
But you can rent this too. E.g from smarterasp.net
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Modems and Routers
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Getting an IP Address
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
protocol for assigning IP addresses to devices on a network
Also gives you the list of DNS servers that you should
contact to resolve your addresses
DHCP also provides the primary router with which your
computer will communicate
This is called the default gateway.
After we send the data to our primary router we trust that our data will
eventually get to the destination
Runs automatically when you are connected to a
network
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Getting an IP Address Via DHCP
Server (not selected) Client Server (selected)
Broadcast to
DHCP DISCOVER DHCP DISCOVER
all addresses
DHCP O FER
FFER DHCP OF
Client
DHCP REQ.
Collects repliesDHCP REQ. it accepts one
Also broadcast
server’s offer
CK
DHCPA and implicitly
reject rest
Initialization Complete
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Getting an IP Address Via DHCP
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Demo
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IPv6
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Leveraging Limited Addresses
Another way of leveraging the limited
number of IP addresses is to use one IP
for more than one computer.
Home routers communicate with
the internet via a single external IP address
Each computer connected to router via different
internal IP addresses.
Internal IP addresses are often of the form 10.1.x.y or
192.168.x.y.
The router will relay the information from servers to
each computer
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Routers – different roles
Routers can be called:
Home routers
If they offer connectivity to multiple
devices at home
Access points (AP)
If they offer wireless connectivity
These access points implement an
802.11 standard.
Variants - 802.11a, 802.11b (11MBPS), 802.11n (600 MBPS)
NAT (Network Address Translation) routers.
If they translate internal
and external IP addresses
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Firewalls
Routers and modems may implement a
firewall for security purposes.
Allowing requests made by the user and the
responses responses to go through or blocking
unsolicited connection attempts from outsiders.
E.g MIT, owns all the IP addresses of the form 18.x.y.z.
– AAiT can block connections to these addresses
Firewalls pose problems to technologies like Voice
Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) such as viber
These rely on one user being able to initiate contact with
another via a phonecall.
The Great Firewall of China affects a population of
over 1 billion.
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Administrivia
Reading
Harvard University’s Understanding computers and
the internet – networking
http://cdn.computerscience1.net/2010/spring/lectures/3/notes3.pdf
The lecture videos are available
Watch warriors of the net video on YouTube
Fluency With Information Technology Chapter 3
You tube tutorials on:
ipconfig, traceroute, ping, and nslookup
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h43fmazlkoI
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