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Class 12

Basic Electrical Engg.

Date : 11.06.2021 Time :: 11.00 – 11.50 AM

 (i) AC Through Pure Resistance ( R ) ::

Let a resistor of pure resistance R be connected to a single-phase

R sinusoidal AC supply of RMS voltage V volts and frequency f Hz.
i

v = iR The instantaneous voltage of AC supply is given by ;

i i v = VmSin(

Hence, instantaneous circuit current is ;

1-phase AC Supply i= = = ( ) Sin(

v = VmSin(
V i = ImSin( ; where Im = , the maximum value of circuit current

The RMS value of circuit current is given by ;

I= ; i.e.
I 0o

When a sinusoidal AC voltage, v = VmSin( of RMS value V volts is applied across a pure resistance of R , the current in the circuit was
also sinusoidal i = ImSin( with RMS value I amps.
 R
i
 When a sinusoidal voltage, v = VmSin( of RMS value V volts is applied across a
pure resistance of R , the current in the circuit is also sinusoidal
v = iR i = ImSin( with RMS value I amps.

i i  i.e. v = VmSin( of RMS value V volts in R , results in a current

i = ImSin( with RMS value I amps.

 By observing the voltage and current waveforms of a pure resistor in AC supply

1-phase AC Supply we find that , current in a resistor is in-phase with the voltage.
v = VmSin(
V

:: Waveforms ::

v = VmSin(
i = ImSin( :: Phasor Diagram ::

V 0o

I 0o
Expression for Power in a Pure Resistor:
Both voltage and current in the resistive circuit shown above , change at every instant of time. Hence, we find the average power in the pure resistance as
follows.

The instantaneous power is given by , p = v x i

i.e. p = (Vmsinωt) . (Imsinωt)

p = VmIm sin2ωt

p = VmIm()

p= - cos (2ωt) ------------------- ( 1 )

The average value of second term in the above expression over a complete cycle is zero i.e.
=0 ,

So, the Average Power for the complete cycle is contributed by the first term only :: P = = = ( ) () = VI watts.

Hence , Power consumed by a resistor in an AC circuit , P = V I watts ( *** V & I are RMS Values )
 R :: Voltage , Current & Power Waveforms of pure-R::
i

v = iR

i i
V
V m Im
2
:: Phasor Diagram ::
V 0o

I 0o

p = - cos (2ωt)
:: Waveforms ::
v = VmSin(
i = ImSin(
 Power Waveform is always positive , which means , power at every
instant of time flows from source to resistor only and in resistor,
the supplied power is always dissipated in the form of heat.

 So resistor is an energy dissipating element in a circuit.

(ii) AC Through Pure Inductance ( L ) ::
Let a coil of pure inductance L Henry be connected to a single-phase
L sinusoidal AC supply of RMS voltage V volts and frequency f Hz.
i

The instantaneous voltage of AC supply is given by ;

v=L
v = VmSin(
i i
Hence, instantaneous circuit current is found as follows ::

We have , v = L di = vdt i= i=
1-phase AC Supply
v = VmSin(
Not Important i.e. i= = - ] = Sin ( )
V
*** As per Faraday’s Law :
i.e. i = Sin ( ) ; where Im = is the maximum current
e=N in the circuit
e=N x
& = XL is called the inductive reactance
e = (N ) of the coil measured in Ohms.
e = L ; L = ()

L - Self Inductance The RMS value of circuit current is given by ;

of the Coil.
I = ; i.e. I - 90o
 L
i  When a sinusoidal voltage, v = VmSin( of RMS value V volts is applied across a
pure inductance of L henry , the current in the circuit is also sinusoidal , but it
lags the applied voltage by 90o i.e. i = ImSin( , with RMS value I amps.
v=L
 i.e. v = VmSin( of RMS value V volts in inductance L , results in a current
i i i = ImSin( with RMS value I amps.

 By observing the voltage and current waveforms of a pure inductance in AC

supply
1-phase AC Supply
we find that , current in a pure inductance lags behind the voltage by 90 o
v = VmSin(
V

:: Waveforms ::
:: Phasor Diagram ::
v = VmSin(
Vm
V 0o
i = Sin ( )
Im

- Im
- Vm I - 90o
Expression for Power in a Pure Inductor (L):

In the circuit shown above , both voltage and current in the inductor change at every instant of time. Hence, we find average power in the pure inductor as
follows.

The instantaneous power is given by , p = v x i

i.e. p = (Vmsinωt) . Imsin(ωt – 90o)

p = (Vmsinωt) . Im

p = - VmIm sinωt

p = - sin2ωt

The average power P over the

Complete cycle is obtained by i.e. P = =- =0

Integrating above expression

between 0 to 2,

Thus we find that , a pure Inductor doesn't consume overall power from the Supply. i.e. in a pure inductor , energy supplied to it , is later returned back
to supply. Hence, in a pure Inductor , there exists a balance between energy supplied to it , to energy returned by it , such that net energy in a pure
inductor is Zero.
:: Voltage , Current & Power Waveforms of pure-Inductor L ::

p = - sin2ωt
 Energy is consumed from supply by the
inductor when current through it is increasing
( i.e. charging of inductor)

 Energy is returned back to supply by the

v = VmSin(
inductor, when current through it is decreasing.
( i.e. discharging of inductor)
i = Sin ( )
 Hence net energy in a pure inductor is zero ,
since energy it consumes in some part of the
cycle is completely returned in other part of the
cycle, as shown in its sinusoidal power
waveform, whose frequency is twice the power
frequency.
 (iii) AC Through Pure Capacitance ( C ) ::
Let a capacitor of pure capacitance C farads be connected to a single-phase
C sinusoidal AC supply of RMS voltage V volts and frequency f Hz.
i
The instantaneous voltage of AC supply is given by ;

v= v = VmSin(

i i
Hence, instantaneous circuit current is found as follows ::

The voltage-current relationship of a capacitor is :: v=

1-phase AC Supply
i=C i=C i = CVmCos
v = VmSin(
V or i = () Cos ;

Not Important i.e. i = Sin ( ) ; where Im = is the maximum current

in the circuit
*** C =  v =
& = XC is called the capacitive reactance
v=( of the capacitor , measured in Ohms.

v= The RMS value of circuit current is given by ;

I = ; i.e. I 90o
 C
i  When a sinusoidal voltage, v = VmSin( of RMS value V volts is applied across a
pure capacitance of C farads, the current in the circuit is also sinusoidal , but it
leads the applied voltage by 90o i.e. i = ImSin( , with RMS value I amps.
v=
 i.e. v = VmSin( of RMS value V volts in inductance L , results in a current
i i i = ImSin( with RMS value I amps.

 By observing the voltage and current waveforms of a pure capacitance in AC

supply we find that , current in a pure capacitance leads the applied
1-phase AC Supply voltage by 90o
v = VmSin(
V

:: Waveforms ::
:: Phasor Diagram ::

v = VmSin( I 90o
Vm
i = Sin ( )
Im

V 0o
- Im

- Vm
Expression for Power in a Pure Capacitor (C):

Both voltage and current in the capacitor , shown in the circuit above , change at every instant of time. Hence, we find average power in the pure
capacitor as follows.

The instantaneous power is given by , p = v x i

i.e. p = (Vmsinωt) . Imsin(ωt + 90o)

p = (Vmsinωt) .( Im

p = VmIm sinωt

p = sin2ωt

The average power P over the

Complete cycle is obtained by i.e. P = = =0

Integrating above expression

between 0 to 2,

Thus , we find that a pure capacitor doesn't consume any power from the Supply. i.e. in a pure capacitor , energy supplied to it , is later
returned back to supply. Hence, in a pure capacitor, there exists a balance between energy supplied to it , to energy returned by it , such that
net energy in a pure capacitor is Zero.
:: Voltage , Current & Power Waveforms of pure-Capacitor-C ::
 Energy is consumed from supply by the
p = Sin2ωt capacitor when it is charging.

 Energy is returned back to supply by the

VmSinωt capacitor when is discharging.
p
i = Sin ( )
v  Hence net energy in a pure capacitor is zero ,
i since energy it consumes in some part of the
cycle is completely returned in other part of the
cycle, as shown in its sinusoidal power
waveform, whose frequency is twice the power
frequency.

C
i

v=
i i

T
Capacitor
Charging V
Capacitor
Discharging
END OF CLASS- 12

Thank
you