Microbiology Lesson One-Terminologies

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MICROBIOLOGY

BAPTISTA .M. KASUMO


REGISTERED MIDWIFE
UNZA, SCH OF MEDICINE
Course Aim:
 To equip students with
knowledge of selected
microorganisms related to
human health and disease and
skills on specific procedures in
microbiology.
Course Objectives
At the end of the course, students should be
able to:
1. Describe the characteristics of various microorganisms
2. Outline the factors that promote growth and
development of microorganisms.
3. Explain the host microbial interactions in the human
body.
4. Describe laboratory procedures for identifying and
examining microorganisms.
5. Interpret selected laboratory findinds.
6. Apply the principles of microbiology in infection
prevention
Specific Objectives
1. Definition of terms.
2. Importance of
microbiology in nursing.
3. History of microbiology.
Terminologies used in microbiology
 Micro- Small or Minute
 Bio- Life
 Logy- Study
 Microbiology- This is the

scientific study of small or minute


living organisms which include
bacteria, viruses, fungi and
yeasts.
 Microorganisms or Microbe- A
very small living organism or a
microscopic cell.
 Microscopic- This is an extremely

small and visible only with the aid


of a microscope.
 Dark Ground microscopy- This is

a method of microscopy which


allows unstained microorganisms
to be seen.
 Pathology- This is the branch
of Medical Science that studies
causes and effects of disease
 Bacteriology- This is a sub

branch of microbiology and is


the scientific study of bacteria.
It is also a branch of Medical
Science that studies bacteria in
relation to disease.
Virology- A sub branch of
microbiology which is the
scientific study of viruses.
Mycology- This is scientific

study of fungi.
Protozoology- The

Scientific study of protozoa.


 Haematology- The science
dealing with the formation,
composition, functions and
diseases of the blood.
 Oncology- It is scientific and

medical study of tumours.


 Infection- This is the successful

invasion and multiplication of


pathogenic organisms.
 Pathogen- This is a microbe
that has the ability to cause host
tissue injury. The host damage
can be as a result of direct
microbial activity or can arise
from the host immune
response.
 Pathogenesis- Mechanism

involved in the development of


disease.
 Pathogenecity- Is the ability to cause
disease.
 Virulence- The level or degree of

pathogenecity or of causing disease.


The pathogen has greater virulence if
its capacity to cause disease is high.
 Parasite- An organism living upon or

within another living organism


deriving benefits as well as causing
harm to the host.
 Ecto parasites- A parasite which
lives on the surface of its host e.g.
fleas.
 Endo parasite- A parasite which

lives inside its host.


 Attenuated strain- A strain of

microbes which has diminished


virulence/weakened.
 Autoclave- A device in which

objects are sterilized by steam


under pressure.
 Chemotherapeutic Agent- A synthetic
substance which has a destructive action
against microbes and is used to treat
infection
 Genus- A group of animals or plants which

have many common characteristics


although they are not identical.
 Gram strain- This is a method of

bacteriological staining which divides


bacterial into gram positive and gram
negative types. The gram reaction depends
on the nature of the bacterial cell wall.
 Host- This is an animal or tissue
which a parasite lives and multiplies.
 Interferon- A substance released by

cells infected with viruses which


renders other cells resistant to viral
infection.
 Fermentation- It is an incomplete

spliting of sugar by microbes to


provide energy for their growth
which yields alcohol, acid and gases.
 Infection- A state in which the body or
part of it is invaded by a pathogenic
organism which under favourable
conditions multiplies to produce
effects which are injurious or harmful
to the host.
 Macrophage – This is a large

bacterium which has the ability to


ingest( Phagocytose) bacteria and
other particles found in chronic
inflammation.
 Antibody- A specific substance (protein in
nature) found within the blood that is
formed in response to an antigen.
 Antigen - This is a substance which

stimulates the production of antibody or


reacts with them when introduced in the
body.
 Antitoxin- An antibody which specifically

neutralize a particular toxin.


 Toxin- Is the poisonous substance released

by certain organisms which has damaging


action on the tissues.
 Toxaemia - The presence of toxins in the
calculations producing general symptoms
and sometimes damage to certain target
tissues.
 Asepsis- A state of being free from

infections or germs.
 Antiseptic- An agent which prevents the

growth of micro-organisms.
 Bactericide- An agent which destroys

bacteria.
 Acid fast bacillus-An organism which when

once stained will resist decolonization with


acid.
 Aerobe (Aerobic Organism) - A
micro-organism which can live or
thrive (grow) in the presence of
Oxygen.
 Anaerobe - (Anaerobic Organism)
 A micro-organism which can live or

thrive with the absence of Oxygen.


 Facultative Anaerobe - A microbe

which can grow under both


anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
 Commensals (Normal flora) - These
are harmless organisms in the normal
sites but capable of causing disease
when transmitted to an abnormal site,
e.g. Escherichia coli (E coli) are the
harmless resident of the gut which can
cause infection in the wound or
urinary tract.
 Medium-The mixture of substances

in or on which bacteria are cultivated


in the laboratory.
 Micron - A unit of measurement of
length equals 1/1000th of a mm.
 Motile - Able to move under it’s own

power.
 Mutation - The spontaneous, random

change which sometimes occurs with


the genetic constitution of an
organism.
 Immunity- The body’s ability to resist

organisms /to resist infection.


 Saprophyte- A micro organism
which is able to live without
parasitizing an animal or plant.
 Septicaemia- The presence of

bacteria or their toxins in the


blood system.
 Sepsis- Infection of the body by

pus forming bacteria or


pathogenic micro-organisms in
the body.
 Spores - A structure produced by
some species of bacteria which is very
resistant to adverse conditions, e.g.
heating or drying which would kill the
average bacterium.
 Sterilization- A process of rendering

an object free from living organisms


and their products. A process whereby
all the living micro-organisms present
on an object or in liquid are destroyed
or removed.
Importance of microbiology to
nursing
 To enable the nurse understand
the principles underlined with the
control of infections.
 To work safely in the community

and hospital in the control and


prevention of the spread of
infection.
 Forthe nurse to function
effectively in the cure of disease
when it is established. When the
nurse has learnt and known the
microbes that cause disease,
she/he will be able to advise the
patients and significant others/
relatives.
Note
 The optimal understanding of
micro-biology by a nurse is
paramount to effectively provide
comprehensive, holistic care to
Patients. Micro-biology provides
knowledge about micro-
organisms and how they cause
disease.
History of Microbiogy
Introduction
Microbiology has developed over a
period of years. The notable
periods starts from 1500 to the
year 1900+. The events were
happening simultaneously in
different countries and the notable
ones are as follows:
1546: FRACASTORO
 An Italian physician, was the first
one to suggest that infection is
composed of minute, insensible
particles and is spread by means of
them.
 He suggested that infection is the

same for whoever is given. This


 was a great advance in the

transmission of disease as in plague.


 Plague is an acute, infectious,
highly fatal disease caused by
the bacillus known as yersinia
pestis transmitted to humans
through bites of flees that
have derived the infection
from rats.
1847: SEMMELWEISS
A Viennese obstetrician who noted that
puerperal fever was transmitted from
one patient to another through hands
of attendants.
 He said that infection could be reduced

by washing hands in between patients


using chlorinated lime as an antiseptic.
 This discovery made the foundation

stone of modern aseptic techniques


being used in hospitals.
1854: JOHN SNOW
 He was a scientist in London who

demonstrated that cholera was


transmitted through drinking dirty water.
1822-1895: LOUIS PASTEUR
 A French Chemist from France who

demonstrated that microscopic organism


yeast caused the fermentation of sugar
and starch into alcohol and that the
presence of bacteria was spoiling the
wine.
 He investigated the silk worm disease

which was damaging the silk industry.


 He developed methods of culture and
showed that micro-organism cause
diseases, this led to the germ theory
of disease.
 He developed vaccines for cholera,

anthrax and rabies. He also


introduced/ invented pasteurization.
Pasteurization is the method of
sterilization by heat where milk is
heated at a very high temperature and
then cooled rapidly.
1843-1910: ROBERT KOCH
 He was a German Doctor or physician

and his first investigation was into the


case of anthrax, (he isolated anthrax
bacteria).
 He developed the bacteriological

techniques which form the basis of


diagnostic bacteriology e.g. the use of
dyes to colour bacteria and so make
them more easily under the microscope.
 He produced the first solid media
from blood agar for growth of
bacteria. This enabled cultures of
a single strain of bacterium to be
obtained more readily.
 He also noted that organisms

grew in clusters called colonies


which were visible to the naked
eyes.
 He discovered the bacterial causes
of many diseases including the
Tuberculosis in 1882 (isolated
and describe the Tubercle Bacilli
in 1882-TB/Koch’s disease. He
also discovered the substance
tuberculin in the colonies of TB
bacilli which when injected in the
body causes antigen- antibody
reaction.
 He defined a system for attributing an
organism as the cause of a specific
disease.
 Koch propounded his famous

postulates which are that: a bacterium


should always be found in association
with its own particular disease. It
should be isolated in pure growth
from that disease and that if When
given to a suitable animal should
reproduce the disease from which it
was isolated.
1852-1920: KLEBS AND FREDERICK LOEFFLER
A German bacteriologist who with
Klebs isolated the Diphtheria Bacilli
which they named after themselves as
Klebs Loeffler Bacilli (KLB). In 1888,
they discovered that symptoms of
diphtheria were not caused directly by
bacteria but by a substance known as
toxin produced by the bacteria,
carried in the blood stream able to
produce tissue damage.
1854-1917: EMIL VANBEHRING
 He discovered Diphtheria antitoxin

in 1890. He showed that


diphtheria could be prevented and
cured by the administration of
serum from horse convalescent
from diphtheria. This was the
discovery of antitoxins.
 VIROLOGY
 It has developed more on the same line

but the size of viral particles made it


difficult to progress fast. In 1898, it was
found that some infectious diseases were
not caused by bacteria but by much
smaller, microscopically invisible
filterable viruses.
JENNER
 He discovered vaccinations against

smallpox
THEILLERS
 He discovered the vaccine for yellow fever.

SALK AND SABIN


 They discovered the vaccine for

poliomyelitis.
 The progress was extremely rapid in the

latter part of the 19th century and the


following years saw much of the knowledge
confirmed and extended the detailed
structure and physiology of bacteria were
investigated, the ways in which animals
become immune to infectious diseases were
studied.
 Itlater became possible to cultivate
and examine viruses.
 Other advances are the advent and

development of substances that kill


bacteria in the tissues and so cure
many infections, antibiotics and
chemotherapy.
 An antibiotic is a substance produced

by a micro-organism which in high


dilution kills or inhibits the growth of
other micro-organisms.
 Chemotherapeutical agents are
substances that have similar
effect, but which are synthesized
or made in the laboratory.
Examples of chemotherapeutical
agents are sulphonamides. The
first was sulphanilamide, the
active compound of prontosil
shown by Domagk in Germany in
1935.

The best known antibiotic,
penicillin was discovered by
Alexander Fleming in 1929.
This was further developed by
Florey and Chain in Oxford in
1940. Penicillin is produced by
the mould penicilliumnotatum.
It was called the magical bullet
which cured anything at that
time.
Other Microbiologists
1870-1959: KIYOSHI SHIGA
 He discovered the dysentery bacilli known as

shingella shiga.
1855-1916: ALBERT NEISSER
 He discovered the gonococco organism which

causes Gonorrhoea, it was named after him


as Neisseria Gonorrhoea.
1844-1925: EDWARD KLEIN
 He identified streptococcus as the cause of

scarlet fever.
1866-1925: ANGUS VON WASSERMAN
 He introduced the first use for diagnosis of

syphilis which is known as Wasserman’s


Reaction.
1863-1933: LEON CALMETTE
 Together with Camille Guren, they introduced

a BCG vaccine (Bacillus Cammile Gurem).


 1850-1935: WILLIAM WELCHI
 He discovered and described the organism

that causes gas gangrene as Clostridium


Welchi.
1891-1955: SIR WILLIAM ALEXANDER
FLEMMING
A British bacteriologist who in
1929 discovered the antibiotic
penicillin.
1857-1908: PRINCE CHARLES CAMBERLAND
 He discovered an instrument called
an autoclave used in the
sterilization of surgical
instruments.

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