Chapter 1 Introduction

Jimma University
Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and computer Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTER AND
INTERFACING
(ECEG4161)
COURSE OBJECTIVES
 Be familiar with 8086
microprocessor architecture
 Be familiar with Assembly Language
Programming for 8086 architecture.
 Understanding 8086 microprocessor
interfacing to different peripherals
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PREREQUISITE
 Computer Architecture and
Organization
 Introduction to programming
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8086 MICROPROCESSORS
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Jimma University
Institute of Technology
School of Electrical and computer Engineering
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO MICROCOMPUTER AND
INTERFACING
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
 We may classify the history of a computer
using the main technology that is used to
implement it. Thus we may classify them as
 Mechanical age
 Electrical age
 Microprocessor age
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HISTORY OF COMPUTER
(MECHANICAL AGE)
 The first generation computer use
mechanical technology (e.g. Abacus 500
B.C.)
 Abacus is the first mechanical calculator
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HISTORY OF COMPUTER:
MECHANICAL AGE
 In 1642 mathematician Blaise Pascal invented
a mechanical calculator called pascaline.
 It is constructed of gears and wheels.
 Charles Babbage
 Began to create programmable calculating
machine called difference engine and Analytical
Engine
 After many years of hard work, Babbage cannot
deliver the finished product and his dream began
to fade.
 Machinists of his day unable to create the parts
needed to complete his work
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1832 BABBAGE INVENTED
MECHANICAL CALCULATED MACHINE
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THE ELECTRICAL AGE:
 German inventor Konrad Zuse, invented the
first modern electromechanical computer.
 His computer uses relay as a main building
blocks
 His Z3 calculating computer probably
 It has a speed of 5.33 hz.
 invented for aircraft and missile design.
 during World War II for the German war effort
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ENIAC (ELECTRONICS NUMERIC
INTEGRATOR AND CALCULATOR)
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EDVAC
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THE MICROPROCESSOR AGE
 What is Microprocessor?
 It is also called CPU (central processing unit).
 It is the controlling element in a computer system.
 Controls memory and I/O through connections
called buses.
 busesselect an I/O or memory device, transfer data
between I/O devices or memory and the
microprocessor, control I/O and memory systems
 Memory and I/O controlled via instructions
stored in memory, executed by the
microprocessor.

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Microprocessors
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 Microprocessor performs three main tasks:
 Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O
systems
 Simple arithmetic and logic operations
 Program flow control via simple decisions
 The Power of a microprocessor can be traced
back to its capability to execute billions of
millions of instructions per second from a
program or software (group of instructions)
stored in the memory system.
 I.E the idea of Stored programs
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THE MICROPROCESSORS AGE
 December 23, 1947, John Bardeen, William
Shockley, and Walter Brattain develop the
transistor at Bell Labs.
 In 1958 Jack Kill invented an integrated
circuit (IC) at Texas Instruments
 Using these two technologies the first
microprocessor was developed at Intel
Corporation in 1971
 Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and
Stan Mazor developed the 4004
microprocessor which began the
microprocessor age.
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 World’s first microprocessor is the Intel
4004.
 It is a 4-bit microprocessor-programmable
controller on a chip.
 It has 50kIP speed
 Addressed 4096 (4Kb), 4-bit-wide memory
locations.
a bit is a binary digit with a value of one or zero
 4-bit-wide memory location often called a Nibble
 The 4004 instruction set contained 45
instructions.
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HISTORY OF INTEL MICROPROCESSOR
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EVOLUTION OF INTEL MICROPROCESSOR
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EVOLUTION OF THE INTEL
PROCESSORS
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SOME OF INTEL PROCESSORS
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OTHER MICROPROCESSOR
PRODUCERS
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THE FACTORS THAT DRIVE
MICROPROCESSOR EVOLUTION
 Main problems with early
microprocessor were
Speed,
Word width, and
Memory size
Number and type of instruction set
Physical Size
Cost
 Power conception and dissipation
 Etc.
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ARCHITECTURE OF MICROCOMPUTER
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MICROPROCESSOR BASED
COMPUTERS
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APPLICATION OF MICROCOMPUTERS
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SOME COMPUTER TERMINOLOGY
 Numbering systems
 Digits
 Binary
 Octal
 Hexadecimal
 Conversion from one base system to other
 From decimal to
 Hexadecimal
 Octal
 Binary
 Whole number Vs fractional conversion
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CONCLUSION
 The microprocessor is the controlling
element in a computer system.
 The micro-processor performs data
transfers, does simple arithmetic and
logic operations, and makes simple
decisions.
 The microprocessor executes programs
stored in the memory system to perform
complex operations in short periods of
time.
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CONCLUSION (CONTI…)
 The world's first microprocessor, the Intel
4004, was a 4-bit microprocessor-a
programmable controller on a chip which
Addressed a mere 4096 4-bit memory
locations.
And has only 45 instruction set.
 All other Intel microprocessor are
upward compatible
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CONCLUSION (CONTI…)
 All computer systems contain three buses
to control memory and I/O.
 The address bus is used to request a
memory location or I/O device.
 The data bus transfers data between the
microprocessor and its memory and I/O
spaces.
 The control bus controls the memory and
I/O, and requests reading or writing of
data.
READINGS
 History
 Computer
 Microprocessors
 Intel microprocessors
 Computer data type
 Numbering system
 Numeric representation
 Base conversion
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