Fundamental of IS Chapter 2
Fundamental of IS Chapter 2
Fundamental of IS Chapter 2
Secondary storage permits the storage of computer instructions and data for long
periods of time.
Memory unit(cont’d …)
Memory operations
There are some operations common to both primary and secondary memory devices.
These are as follows.
Read During this operation, data is retrieved from memory.
Write In this operation, data is stored in the memory. Using read and write operations,
many other memory related functions such as copy and delete are carried out.
Unit of memory
The memory’s interface circuit is designed to logically access a byte or a multiple of a
byte of data from the memory during each access.
The smallest block of memory is considered to be a byte, which comprises eight bits.
The total memory space is measured in terms of bytes. Thus, the unit of memory is a byte.
The capacity of memory is the maximum amount of information it is capable of storing.
Memory unit(cont’d …)
Some units used to express the memory capacity are as follows:
Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB) = 1024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabytes
Terabyte (TB) = 1024 Gigabytes
The size of the register is one of the important considerations in determining the
processing capabilities of the CPU.
Word size: refers to the number of bits that a CPU can manipulate at one time.
Memory unit(cont’d …)
Memory hierarchy
The various types of memory used in a computer system differ in speed, cost,
size, and volatility (permanence of storage). They can be organized in a
hierarchy. The memory hierarchy in the computer system is depicted as:
Registers
Cache
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
It shows that on moving down the hierarchy, the cost per bit of storage
decreases but access times increases (i.e., devices are slow). In other
words, from top to bottom, the speed decreases while the capacity
increases and the prices become much lower.
Interface Unit
The devices in a computer system other than the CPU and main memory are
called peripherals. Popular peripheral devices include printers, digital cameras, scanners,
joysticks, and speakers.
Interface unit
The interface unit interconnects the CPU with memory and also with the various
input/output (I/O) devices.
The instructions and data move between the CPU and other hardware components
through interface unit.
It is a set of parallel wires or lines which connects all the internal computer components
to the CPU and main memory.
Interface Unit(Cont’d…)
Access, decode,
Math calculations
coordinate instructions
Hold program
instructions and data
Computer System Components(Summary)
Execution phase
Step 3: Execute the instruction
Step 4: Store the results
Software
Software provides the instructions that tell the hardware exactly what is to
be performed and in what order.
This set of instructions is sequenced and organized in a computer program.
Therefore, a program is a series of instructions which is intended to direct
a computer to perform certain functions and is executed by the processor.
In a broader sense, software can be described as a set of related programs.
Software is generally categorized as system software and application
software.
Software(Cont’d …)
System Soft wares
System software is designed to facilitate and coordinate the use of the computer by
making hardware operational.
It interacts with the computer system at low level. Examples of such software include
language translator, operating system, loader, linker, etc.
However, the most important system software is the operating system which is a set of
programs designed to control
the input and output operations of the computer, provide communication interface to
the user, and manage the resources of the computer system, such as memory,
processor, input/output devices etc.
Example: windows OS, Mac OS, LINUX OS et
Role of the Operating System
Software(Cont’d …)
Application Soft wares
Application software is designed to perform specific usages of the users.
Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point, Microsoft Access,
Photoshop, AutoCAD, MP3 Player etc. are some of the examples of application
software.
There are two categories of application software, custom software and pre-
written software packages.
Software that is developed for a specific user or organization in accordance with
the user’s needs is known as custom software.
A pre-written software package is bought off the shelf and has predefined generic
specifications that may or may not cater to any specific user’s requirements.
Software(Cont’d …)
Application Soft wares
The most important categories of software packages available are as
follows:
Database management software, e.g. Oracle, Microsoft SQL server,
etc.
Spreadsheet software, e.g. Microsoft Excel.
Word processing, e.g. Microsoft Word,
Graphics software, e.g. Corel Draw.
Statistical, e.g. SPSS and operation research software, e.g. Tora.
Application Program Interface
Data center(Server Farms)
data centers are designed to support business applications and activities that
include:
• Email and file sharing
• Productivity applications
• Customer relationship management (CRM)
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) and databases
• Big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning
• Virtual desktops, communications and collaboration services
What are the core components of a data center?
Data center design includes routers, switches, firewalls, storage systems, servers,
and application delivery controllers. Because these components store and manage
business-critical data and applications, is critical in data center design. Together,
they provide:
Network infrastructure. This connects servers (physical and virtualized), data
center services, storage, and external connectivity to end-user locations.
Storage infrastructure. Data is the fuel of the modern data center. Storage systems
are used to hold this valuable commodity.
Computing resources. Applications are the engines of a data center. These servers
provide the processing, memory, local storage, and network connectivity that drive
applications.
Thank You!