BJTC 2023 Construction Technology - Concrete Materials

BJTC 2023
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 –
CONCRETE MATERIALS
Dr. Rushanim Hashim
STML – COB
Room: 3036
04-9287036
[email protected]
What is concrete?
What is concrete?
• The word “concrete” originates from the Latin word “concretus”, which means to
grow together.
• Concrete is a composite material in which a binding material mixed in water with

well grouped fine and coarse aggregates.
• Concrete is mainly composed of Portland cement, aggregate (filler), water and

chemical admixtures.
Concrete = Filler + Binder
• Concrete is versatile construction material.
• Concrete solidifies and hardness after mixing with water and placement due to a
chemical process known as hydration.
• The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together,
eventually creating a stone-like material.
History of concrete
•1891 – Concrete Street
•The first American concrete street was built in

Bellefontaine, Ohio. This is a modern photo of
the historic street.
History of concrete
• 1908 – Concrete Homes
•Thomas Edison designed and

built the first concrete homes
in Union, New Jersey. These
homes still exist today.
History of concrete
• 1936 – Hoover Dam
•The Hoover Dam was

built along the Colorado
River, bordering Arizona
and Nevada. It was the
largest scale concrete
project ever completed.
Concrete Ingredients
• Binding material (cement)
• Fine aggregate
• Coarse aggregate
• Water
• Admixture
Aggregates
• Aggregate is the granular material, such
as sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed
blast-furnace slag, or construction and
demolition waste that is used with a
cementing medium to produce either
concrete.
• All aggregates must be essentially free

of silt and/or organic matter.
Classification of Aggregates
• According to weight difference aggregates can be classified
into three categories:
 Normal weight aggregate (2400 kg/m3)
 Lightweight aggregate (1120 kg/m3)
 Heavy weight aggregate (2900 -6100 kg/m3)
Coarse aggregate
• According to particle size difference aggregate can be
classified into two categories:
 Coarse aggregate (size > 4.75 mm to 50 mm)
 Fine aggregate (Size < 4.75 mm )
Fine aggregate
Water
• Water is the most essential ingredients in concrete.
• It should be good enough, i.e free of organic matter and excessive chemicals and/or
minerals.
• The strength and other properties of concrete are highly dependent on the amount of
water and the water-cement ratio.
Admixtures
• Admixtures are ingredients other than Portland cement, water and aggregates.
• Admixtures are added to the concrete mixture immediately before or during mixing.
• The use of admixtures in concrete is now widespread due to many benefits.
• It reduces the amount of water requirement in concrete.
• It control the setting behaviour of concrete.
• It also improves the workability, durability & strength of the concrete.

Classification of Admixtures
• Admixtures can be roughly divided into three categories:
 Air entraining admixture: This kind of admixture is used to improve the frost resistance of
concrete.
 Chemical Admixture : This kind of admixture is mainly used to control the setting and
hardening properties for concrete, or to reduce its water requirements.
 Water reducer
 Superplasticizer
 Accelerator
 Retarder
 Mineral admixture: They are finely
divided solids added to concrete to improve
its workability, durability and strength.
Factors affecting concrete strength
• Water/Cement ratio
• Age and curing condition
• Aggregates
• Admixtures
Properties of concrete
• Concrete has relatively high compressive strength but
significantly lower tensile strength.
• The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant a low stress levels

but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking
develops.
• Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as

it matures concrete shrinks.
• All concrete structure will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage

and tension.
• Concrete can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, seawater

effects, bacterial corrosion, leaching, physical damage and
chemical damage (from carbonation, chlorides, sulfates)
TYPES OF CONCRETE
• Concrete are classified into different types, according to:
1. Binding material used in concrete
2. Design of concrete
3. Purpose of concrete
TYPES OF CONCRETE – 1) BINDING MATERIAL
1. Cement concrete
2. Lime concrete
CEMENT CONCRETE (Portland Cement)
1. The concrete consisting of cement, sand and coarse aggregates mixed in a
suitable proportions in addition to water is called cement concrete.
2. In this type of concrete cement is used as a binding material, sand as fine
aggregates and gravel, crushed stones as coarse aggregates.
3. Cement concrete is commonly used in buildings, roads, dam and other
important engineering works where strength and durability is of prime
importance.
LIME CONCRETE
1. The concrete consisting of lime, fine aggregates and coarse aggregates
mixed in a suitable proportions with water is called lime concrete.
2. In this type of concrete hydraulic lime is generally used as a binding
material, sand and cinder are used as fine aggregates and broken bricks,
gravel can be used as coarse aggregates.
CEMENT VS LIME CONCRETE
TYPES OF CONCRETE – 2) Design of concrete
Classification according to design of concrete.
1. Plain cement concrete (PCC)
2. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
3. Pre-stressed cement concrete
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE (PCC)
• The cement concrete in which no
reinforcement is provided is called
plain cement concrete.
• This type of concrete is strong in

taking compressive stresses but
weak in taking tensile stresses.
• Plain cement concrete is commonly

used for foundation work and
flooring of buildings.
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE (RCC)
• The cement concrete in which reinforcement
is embedded for taking tensile stress is called
reinforced cement concrete.
• In this type of concrete the steel

reinforcement is to be used generally in the
form of round bars, 6mm to 32 mm diameter.
• This concrete is equally strong in taking

tensile, compressive and shear stresses.
• RCC is commonly used for construction of

slabs, beams, columns, foundation, precast
concrete.
PRE-STRESSED CEMENT CONCRETE
• The cement concrete in which high
compressive stresses are artificially induced
before their actual use is called pre-stresses
cement concrete.
• In this type of cement concrete, the high

compressive stresses are induced by pre-
tensioning the reinforcement before placing the
concrete, and the reinforcement is released
when final setting of the concrete take place.
• This concrete can take up high tensile and

compressive stresses without development of
cracks. The quantity of reinforcement can be
considerably reduced by using this concrete.
CONCRETE RATIO
WATER CEMENT RATIO
• In the preparation of
concrete the water cement
ratio is very important.
• For normal construction the

water cement ratio is usually
0.5 it varies (0.4 to 0.6)
• Adding to much water will

reduce the strength of
concrete and can cause
segregation.
WATER CEMENT RATIO
• The number of pounds of water per pound of cement.
• A low ratio means higher strengths, a high ratio means lower strength.
• The ratio depends on the class of concrete, whether an air agent is used or not, and the shape of
the stone – rounded or angular.
• Example 1:
W/C = 0.500 and Water = 250 pounds
How much cement is needed?

= 250 / 0.500
= 500 pounds of cement
• Example 2:
W/C = 0.500 and cement = 600 pounds
How much water is needed?

= 0.500 x 600
= 300 pounds of water
= 300 pounds / 8.33 = 36 gallons
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Concrete can be easily transported from the place of Concrete have low tensile strength. Therefore
mixing to place of casting before initial set takes concrete is required to be reinforced to avoid cracks.
place.
Concrete can be pumped or sprayed to fill into cracks In long structure, expansion joints are required to be
and lining of tunnels. provided if there is large temperature variance in the
area.
Using steel as reinforcement it is possible to build any Due to dry shrinkage and moisture expansion
structure, be it lintel or a massive fly-over. concrete may crack. Therefore, construction joints are
provided to avoid these types of cracks.
The monolithic character of concrete gives it better If soluble salt is present in concrete then it may lead
appearance and much rigidity to the structure. to efflorescence when comes in contact with
moisture.
The property of concrete to possess high compressive
strength makes a concrete structure more economical
than steel structure.
APPLICATION OF CONCRETE
• Concrete is a versatile construction material.
• Nowadays every structure made up by modern concrete.
• Dams, bridges, buildings, towers, toboggans, curbs canoes, murals, statues, submarines,
mountains, foundation have been created with the help of concrete.
Dam Bridge
Building
SUMMARY
• Concrete is a composite material and highly versatile construction material, well suited for many
structural applications.
• It is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases, admixtures.
• Strength, durability and many other factors depends on the relative amounts and properties of the
individual components.
• Different types of concrete are there. But nowadays ready-mix concrete becomes popular due to
many advantages.
• The strength of the concrete highly dependent on water and water-cement ratio and also the curing
condition, type of aggregate and type of admixture used.

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BJTC 2023

• Concrete is a composite material in which a binding material mixed in water with

• Concrete is mainly composed of Portland cement, aggregate (filler), water and

• Concrete is versatile construction material.

•The first American concrete street was built in

•Thomas Edison designed and

• 1936 – Hoover Dam

•The Hoover Dam was

• All aggregates must be essentially free

• The use of admixtures in concrete is now widespread due to many benefits.

• It reduces the amount of water requirement in concrete.

• It control the setting behaviour of concrete.

• It also improves the workability, durability & strength of the concrete.

• The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant a low stress levels

• Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as

• All concrete structure will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage

• Concrete can be damaged by fire, aggregate expansion, seawater

• This type of concrete is strong in

• Plain cement concrete is commonly

• In this type of concrete the steel

• This concrete is equally strong in taking

• RCC is commonly used for construction of

• In this type of cement concrete, the high

• This concrete can take up high tensile and

• For normal construction the

• Adding to much water will

How much cement is needed?

How much water is needed?

• Nowadays every structure made up by modern concrete.

• It is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates, and in some cases, admixtures.

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