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    (EDES113) : An Introduction To The Study of Education

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    Afika Ntanda
    This document provides an introduction to educational psychology by discussing key concepts. It defines educational psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with applying psychological principles to education. The document outlines the scope of educational psychology, including understanding learners, learning content, processes, environments, and teachers. It also discusses major learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, explaining their basic approaches and theorists. Key aspects of theories like reinforcement and cognitive development are summarized.

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    (EDES113) : An Introduction To The Study of Education

    Uploaded by

    Afika Ntanda
    27 views21 pages
    This document provides an introduction to educational psychology by discussing key concepts. It defines educational psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with applying psychological principles to education. The document outlines the scope of educational psychology, including understanding learners, learning content, processes, environments, and teachers. It also discusses major learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, explaining their basic approaches and theorists. Key aspects of theories like reinforcement and cognitive development are summarized.

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    This document provides an introduction to educational psychology by discussing key concepts. It defines educational psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with applying psychological principles to education. The document outlines the scope of educational psychology, including understanding learners, learning content, processes, environments, and teachers. It also discusses major learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, explaining their basic approaches and theorists. Key aspects of theories like reinforcement and cognitive development are summarized.

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    27 views21 pages

    (EDES113) : An Introduction To The Study of Education

    Uploaded by

    Afika Ntanda
    This document provides an introduction to educational psychology by discussing key concepts. It defines educational psychology as the branch of psychology concerned with applying psychological principles to education. The document outlines the scope of educational psychology, including understanding learners, learning content, processes, environments, and teachers. It also discusses major learning theories like behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, explaining their basic approaches and theorists. Key aspects of theories like reinforcement and cognitive development are summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 21

    An introduction to the study of Education

    (EDES113)
    (Educational psychology )

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    What is psychology

     The word psychology is derived from Greek word psycho & logos.
    ‘Psycho’ means “soul” and ‘logos’ means “science”. The science of soul.
     Psychology is defined as the “study of the soul” ; “study of the mind” ;
    Behaviour (consciousness and unconsciousness).
     Psychology is the scientific study of the activities of the individual in
    relation to his environment

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    What is educational psychology

     Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the


    scientific study of human learning.
     It is an attempt to apply the knowledge of psychology to the field of
    education.
     Is the study of the experience and behavior of the learner in relation to
    educational environment.
     The accumulated knowledge, wisdom, theories that teachers have to
    solve challenges in teaching and learning process.

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Scope of educational psychology

     Learner: the need of knowing the learner

     Learning experience/content: know what to teach

     Learning process/pedagogy: know teaching methods

     Learning environment: know the platforms of learning

     Teacher: need of knowing the self as teacher and the

    role to play

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    Functions of educational psychology

     To afford a thorough knowledge of the nature of the child


     To provide an understanding of the nature, aims, and purposes of
    education.
     To provide an understanding of the principles governing learning, together
    with a knowledge of the techniques for guiding improvement in learning
    and their application to the practical problems in the classroom.
     To present teaching/learning theories in education.

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    Teaching/learning theories: Behaviourism
    • Systematic approach to understanding the behavior of humans
    and animals.
    • It focuses on behaviour modification through Stimulus, Response
    & Repetition
    • Learning seen as a passive process (teacher centred).
    • Responsibility for student learning rests squarely with the teacher
    • Behaviourism argues that there is no mind, no thoughts, no
    feelings, and the only important thing to consider is behaviour
    (external environment affects behaviour).
    • Its leading theorist include B.F Skinner

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Example

    • A Maths teacher provides a list of practice problems for


    students to help them learn Algebra.
    • Stimulus -the practice problems
    • Response –finding the correct solution to the problem
    • Learning-the repetition in solving the problem causes the
    student to learn Algebra

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

    Positive and Negative reinforcement in Operant


    Conditioning…
    • Reinforcement is a term used in operant conditioning to refer to
    anything that increases the likelihood that a response will occur.
    • Psychologist B.F. Skinner is considered the father of this theory.
    • Note that reinforcement is defined by the effect that it has on
    behavior—it increases or strengthens the response .

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Reinforcement……..
    In operant conditioning, there are two different types of reinforcement.
    Both of these forms of reinforcement influence behavior, but they do so in
    different ways. The two types include:

    •Positive reinforcement involves adding something to increase response, such as


    giving a bit of candy to a child after she cleans up her room (being rewarding for good
    behavior).
    •Negative reinforcement involves removing something in order to increase response,
    such as canceling a quiz if students submit all of their homework for the week. By
    removing the unwanted stimulus (the quiz), the teacher hopes to increase the desired
    behavior (completing all homework).

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Punishment……..
    While positive and negative reinforcements are used to increase
    behaviors, punishment is focused on reducing or eliminating
    unwanted behaviors.

    Positive punishment involves presenting an unpleasant stimulus after a


    behavior has occurred. For example, when a student talks out of turn in the
    middle of class, the teacher might scold the child for interrupting her.​​
    Negative punishment involves taking away a desirable stimulus after a
    behavior has occurred. For example, when the student talks out of turn again,
    the teacher promptly tells the child that he will have to miss recess because of
    his behavior.

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Teaching/learning theories: Behaviourism

    Strengths:
    Easily controlled by the teacher

    Rewards and punishments are clear.


    Some learners benefit from repetition (to reinforce learning)
    Limitations:
     Ignores thought processes and emotions
     Repetition may become boring

     Totally teacher orientated


    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS
    Teaching/learning theories: Cognitivism

    • Focuses on learning as a process of transforming


    cognitive structures.
    • Learning is about building mental structures &
    understanding the operation of the mind
    • It is based on the thought process behind the behavior.
    • It compares the human mind with that of the computer
    (input-process-output)
    • Its leading theorists include Piaget, Pavlov, Vygotsky,

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Cognitive development

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    The Cognitivist approach in class..

    • Asking questions as a way of refining your students’


    thinking and recognize where they may be wrong.
    • Asking students to reflect on their experiences.
    • Helping students find new solutions to problems.
    • Helping students explore and understand how ideas are
    connected.
    • Asking students to justify and explain their thinking.

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Teaching/learning theories: Cognitivism

    Strengths:
    Logic is the top mechanism used in learning

    Learning is based on how the mind process knowledge


    Limitations:
     Learning is subjective

     It ignores other factors (personal experience) in human behavior and only


    focus on the mind

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Teaching/learning theories: Constructivism
    • It is a theory of learning which posits that
    students learn by actively constructing their own
    Knowledge
    • It involves constructs of both behaviorialism and
    cognitivism
    • It maintains that learning is a process of
    constructing meaning and that learning is how
    people make sense of their experience.
    • Knowledge is constructed through encounters
    with information and as such the new information
    Social Learning Theory is related to prior knowledge.
    • Its leading theorists (Piaget, Vygotsky, Bandura,
    and Bruner)

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Social Learning Theory (Albert
    Bandura)
    • The idea is that people can learn through observation. 
    • Just observing someone else's actions is not always enough to lead to
    learning. Your own mental state and motivation play an important role in
    determining whether a behavior is learned or not.
    • Learning does not necessarily lead to a change in behavior
    • Observational learning demonstrates that people can learn new information
    without demonstrating new behaviors.
    • Researchers can use social learning theory to investigate and understand
    ways that positive role models can be used to encourage desirable behaviors
    and to facilitate social change.

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Piaget vs Vygotsky

    • Jean Piaget’s personal constructivism


    Cognitive development is an individual construction.
    Learning means to understand and to discover or
    reconstruct by means of rediscovery
    • Lev Vygotsky’s social constructivism
    • Thought is created from the society to the learner.
    cognitive development is a function of external factors
    such as cultural, historical, and social interaction .

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Constructivist teacher

    • A teacher creates space where students will question


    their own and each other's assumptions.
    • Challenge assumption and allow scaffolding to occur
    • Negotiates and re-evaluate knowledge and transform
    learning.
    • Allow active construction of knowledge by both teachers
    and learners.
    • Develop the mind and change behaviour

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    Teaching/learning theories: Constructivism

    • Strengths
    • Support the learners’ own construction of knowledge
    • Understanding the differences between the world of the learner is
    acknowledged

    • Weaknesses
    • Learner-centred activities may be time consuming
    • Teachers’ lack of knowledge may lead to a learners’ confusion

    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS


    UKZN INSPIRING GREATNESS

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