L02Proposition MSR2023
L02Proposition MSR2023
L02Proposition MSR2023
This Lecture
Conditional Statements
Arguments
Conditional Statement (Implication)
If p then q p implies q
• It is false when your GPA is 4.0 but you don’t receive full scholarship.
• But it is not false if your GPA is below 4.0.
• So, if your GPA is below 4.0, it is true irrespective of whether you
receive full scholarship or not.
:: IMPLIES
P Q P Q
Q is true: T T T
T F F
F T T
P is false
F F T
Convention: if we don’t say anything wrong, then it is not false, and thus true.
a b c
2 2 2
Implications
• This is a reasonable way to think about
implications:
– our claim is that the conclusion (“then” part) is
true, but on the assumption that the
hypothesis (“if” part) is true.
– We make no claim about the conclusion in
situations when the hypothesis is false.
• This is why when the hypothesis is false,
we don’t say anything wrong, i.e., our
statement is NOT false, and thus true.
Implication
• What do you mean if you say, p q is
false?
• You mean:
– p is true and
– q is false
https://forms.gle/zES9NujMKFqTjLfo7
Implication Exercise
Which of the following are True/False?
• If 1 = 1, then most horses have 4 legs.
• If 0 = 1, then 1 = 1.
• If 8 is a prime number, then the 7624th digit
of π is an 8.
• If the 7624th digit of π is an 8, then 2 + 2 = 4.
T F F
F T T
DeMorgan’s
F F T Laws
• If you don’t give me all your money, then I will kill you.
• Either you give me all your money or I will kill you (or both).
P Q
• If you don’t give me all your money, then I will kill you.
• Either you give me all your money or I will kill you (or both).
~P
P Q
• If you talk to her, then you can never talk to me.
• Either you don’t talk to her or you can never talk to me (or both).
~P
Direct proofs of implications
• To prove an implication P → Q:
– it is enough to assume P, and from it, deduce Q.
– i.e., you must explain why Q is true, but you get
to assume P is true first.
• Direct proof is the easiest style of proof and
has the advantage that such a proof often
does a great job of explaining why the
statement is true.
Direct proofs of implications
• If two numbers a and b are even, then
their sum a + b is even.
Proof:
P Q
assume P • Suppose the numbers a and b are even.
• This means that a = 2k and b = 2j for
some integers k and j.
• The sum is then a + b = 2k + 2j = 2(k +
j).
• Since k + j is an integer, this means that
Deduce Q
a + b is even.
QED
Negation of If-Then
(if p then q)
p q (if p then q)
p q (if p then q)
p q (if p then q)
p q p q
Negation of If-Then
previous slide
DeMorgan
Negation of If-Then
P Q
• If you eat an apple everyday, then you have no toothache.
• You eat an apple everyday but you have toothache.
negate
~Q
P Q
• If my computer is not working, then I cannot finish my homework.
• My computer is not working but I can finish my homework.
negate
~Q
Contrapositive
Statement: If P, then Q
Contrapositive: If Q, then P.
Proof using the Truth table
T T T F F T
T F F T F F
F T T F T T
F F T T T T
https://forms.gle/nW2nnTZidUobUzqd9
Understanding implications
P Q P
• Suppose I tell Rimpi that if she gets a 93% on
her final, then she will get an A in the class.
Assuming that what I said is true, what can you
Q
conclude in the following cases:
P is true; since P Q is
• Rimpi gets a 93% on her final. true; Q must be true
– Rimpi gets an A.
Q is true; P Q is given true;
• Rimpi gets an A in the class. But P still can be both true or
– Cannot conclude anything. false. P is false; P Q is
(automatically)
• Rimpi does not get a 93% on her final. true; Q can be
– Cannot conclude anything. both true or false.
• Rimpi does not get an A in the class. Q is false; P Q is
given true; P then
– Rimpi does not get a 93% on her final. must be false.
Implies, if, only if
• We can say: Q if P (i.e., if
P Q P Q P then Q)
– P is a sufficient condition
T T T
T F F for Q
F T T • Or we can say P only if Q.
F F T – i.e., if not q, then not p.
• (i.e., contrapositively: if p
Look at the True rows;
then q.)
When P is true, – Q is a necessary condition
what about Q? Q is also true!
So, P is sufficient to make Q true for P
(Note that Q can still be true Look at the True rows;
when P is not.) Can P be true without Q being true?
No! So, Q is necessary for P to be true.
If you work hard., you will succeed
SR If, Only-If R = you will
succeed
• You will succeed if you work hard.
S = you work
• You will succeed only if you work hard.
hard
Parent: if you don’t clean your room, then you can’t watch a DVD.
C D
contrapositive
This sentence says DC
Contrapositive
Mathematician: if a number x greater than 2 is a prime number
then x is a odd number.
Being an odd number > 2 is a necessary condition for this number to be prime.
P only if O
Being a prime number > 2 is a sufficient condition for this number to be odd.
O if P
Necessary AND Sufficient Condition
:: IFF
P Q P Q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Note: P Q is equivalent to (P Q) (Q P)
Note: P Q is equivalent to (P Q) ( P Q)
x is even x = 2k
x2 = (2k) 2 = 4k2, which is even
b. q p
x2 is even x2 = 2k
x = √(2k) =
b. q p p q CONTRAPOSITIVE
x is NOT even x = 2k + 1
x2 = (2k + 1) 2 = 4k2 + 2k + 1, which is NOT even
Hypothesis and Conclusion
May not be related
Conditional Statements
• Contrapositive
Arguments
Argument Form
An argument is a sequence of statements forms.
All statement forms but the final one are called assumptions or hypothesis
or premises.
The final statement form is called the conclusion.
An argument form is valid if:
Today is Wednesday.
Yesterday is Tuesday.
assumptions conclusion
p q p→q p q
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T F F
assumptions conclusion
p q p→q ~q ~p
T T T F F
T F F T F
F T T F T
F F T T T
( P Q), (Q R ), ( R P ) Is it valid?
PQ R
conclusion
Valid Argument?
( P Q), (Q R ), ( R P ) Is it valid?
PQ R
assumptions conclusion
P Q R OK?
T T T T T T T yes
T T F T F T F yes
T F T F T T F yes
T F F F T T F yes
F T T T T F F yes
F T F T F T F yes
F F T T T F F yes
F F F T T T F no
p q p→q q p
T T T T T
If p then q.
q T F F F T
p
F T T T F
F F T F F
p q p→q ~p ~q
T T T F F
If p then q.
~p T F F F T
~q
F T T T F
F F T T T
P and Q
P or Q
P Q P Q
0 0 0 0 0 0
RECTANGLE
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
P or Q
P and Q P Q P
TO READ THE
P Q P 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
Q->R
P->Q
P->R
CONTENTS
P Q R
0 0 0 1 1 1
P or Q
0 0 1 1 1 1
P Q ~Q P
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
More Exercises
REMOVE THIS More Exercises
~P->~Q
RECTANGLE
P->Q
~P->Q P Q ~P ~Q
P ~P Q ~Q P 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
TO READ THE
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 1
CONTENTS
~P->~Q
Q->P
P Q ~P ~Q
0 0 1 1 1 1 Valid argument True conclusion
0 1 1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 True conclusion Valid argument
1 1 0 0 1 1
Valid argument True conclusion
If John Lennon was a Rock Star, then John Lennon had red hair.
John Lennon was a Rock Star.
\ John Lennon had red hair modus ponens
If New York is a big city, then New York has tall buildings.
New York has tall buildings.
New York is a big city.
P
P Q
0 0 Q
0 1
1 0
1 1
~P->C
Contradiction
P ~P C P
0 1 0 0 0 Here C means Contradiction
1 0 0 1 1
If you can show that the assumption that the statement
p is false leads logically to a contradiction,
then you can conclude that p is true.
A says: B is a knight.
B says: A and I are of opposite type.
Suppose A is a knight.
Then B is a knight (because what A says is true).
Then A is a knave (because what B says is true)
A contradiction.
So A must be a knave.
So B must be a knave (because what A says is false).
Complex Deductions
You are about to leave for BUET in the morning and
discover that you don’t have your glasses. You know that
the following statements are true:
A. If my glasses are on the dining table, then I saw them at
breakfast.
B. I was reading the newspaper in the living room or I was
reading the newspaper in the dining room.
C. If I was reading the newspaper in the living room, then
the glasses are on the coffee table.
D. I did not see my glasses at breakfast
E. If I was reading Sohel sir’s lecture in bed, then my
glasses are on the bed side table
F. If I was reading the newspaper in the dining room, then
my glasses are on the dining table.
The glasses are on the coffee table.
Complex Deductions p~q q
You are about to leave for BUET in the ~p
morning and discover that you don’t
have your glasses. You know that the By A and D and modus tollens:
following statements are true:
1. My glasses are not on the dining table
A. If my glasses are on the dining
table, then I saw them at breakfast.
By F and 1 and modus tollens:
B. I was reading the newspaper in the
living room or I was reading the 2. I was not reading the newspaper in
newspaper in the dining room. the dining room
C. If I was reading the newspaper in By B and 2 and elimination:
the living room, then the glasses are
on the coffee table. 3. I was reading the newspaper in the
living room
D. I did not see my glasses at
breakfast By C and 3 and modus ponens:
E. If I was reading Sohel sir’s lecture in
bed, then my glasses are on the bed 4. The glasses are on the coffee table.
side table
pq
The glasses are on
F. If I was reading the newspaper in
the dining room, then my glasses p
are on the dining table. q the coffee table.
Quick Summary
Conditional Statements
• The meaning of IF and its logical forms
• Contrapositive
• If, only if, if and only if
Arguments
• definition of a valid argument
• method of affirming, denying, contradiction
Key points:
Which is false?
https://forms.gle/bne2KhRzPYncakW47