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    Submarine GAS HYDRATES Reservoirs

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    Frank Moses
    This document summarizes the SUGAR project which aims to explore submarine gas hydrate reservoirs and develop technologies for exploiting methane from gas hydrates and storing carbon dioxide below the seabed. The project involves developing exploration technologies like hydroacoustics and geophysics to locate hydrate deposits. It also involves laboratory experiments and reservoir modeling to develop exploitation techniques using carbon dioxide injection to replace methane in hydrates. The project aims to address technical challenges around gas swapping kinetics and transport of produced gas and will collaborate internationally to apply techniques and conduct a field production test.

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    Submarine GAS HYDRATES Reservoirs

    Uploaded by

    Frank Moses
    15 views31 pages
    This document summarizes the SUGAR project which aims to explore submarine gas hydrate reservoirs and develop technologies for exploiting methane from gas hydrates and storing carbon dioxide below the seabed. The project involves developing exploration technologies like hydroacoustics and geophysics to locate hydrate deposits. It also involves laboratory experiments and reservoir modeling to develop exploitation techniques using carbon dioxide injection to replace methane in hydrates. The project aims to address technical challenges around gas swapping kinetics and transport of produced gas and will collaborate internationally to apply techniques and conduct a field production test.

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    This document summarizes the SUGAR project which aims to explore submarine gas hydrate reservoirs and develop technologies for exploiting methane from gas hydrates and storing carbon dioxide below the seabed. The project involves developing exploration technologies like hydroacoustics and geophysics to locate hydrate deposits. It also involves laboratory experiments and reservoir modeling to develop exploitation techniques using carbon dioxide injection to replace methane in hydrates. The project aims to address technical challenges around gas swapping kinetics and transport of produced gas and will collaborate internationally to apply techniques and conduct a field production test.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    15 views31 pages

    Submarine GAS HYDRATES Reservoirs

    Uploaded by

    Frank Moses
    This document summarizes the SUGAR project which aims to explore submarine gas hydrate reservoirs and develop technologies for exploiting methane from gas hydrates and storing carbon dioxide below the seabed. The project involves developing exploration technologies like hydroacoustics and geophysics to locate hydrate deposits. It also involves laboratory experiments and reservoir modeling to develop exploitation techniques using carbon dioxide injection to replace methane in hydrates. The project aims to address technical challenges around gas swapping kinetics and transport of produced gas and will collaborate internationally to apply techniques and conduct a field production test.

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    of 31

    SUGAR

    Submarine Gas Hydrate Reservoirs:


    Exploration, Exploitation and Gas Transport

    CO2 CH4

    Klaus Wallmann and Jörg Bialas


    Hydrate Structure

    Water molecules CH4  5.7 H2O

    Gas molecules
    Methane Hydrate Stability

    Gas

    Hydrate

    Tishchenko, Hensen, Wallmann & Wong (2005)


    Buffett & Archer (2004)
    Global Methane Hydrate Distribution
    Observations

    Source: Makogan et al., 2007


    Global Methane Hydrate Distribution
    Modeling

    Source: Klauda & Sandler (2005)


    Global Methane Hydrate Inventory in the Seabed

    Klau.
    (2005)
    Kven.
    (1999)

    Buff.
    (2004) Best estimate
    Mil.
    3000 ± 2000
    (2004)
    Gt C
    Global Methane Hydrate Inventory

    Coal Oil Gas Hydrate

    Source: Energy Outlook 2007, Buffett & Archer (2004)


    Coal, oil, gas: reserves economically exploitable at current market prices
    Gas Hydrates: total marine inventory
    Hydrate Exploitation

    Methane gas may be produced from hydrate


    deposits via:

    • Pressure reduction

    • Temperature increase

    • Addition of chemicals (incl. CO2)


    Hydrate Exploitation
    Energy balance for Blake Ridge (Makogon et al. 2007)
    2000 m water depth, two ~3 m thick hydrate layers

    ~40 % of the potential energy can be used for


    energy production

    ~60 % of the potential energy is lost during development,


    gas production, gas pressurization and transport

    Japanese Hydrate Exploitation Program

    Hydrate exploitation is economically feasible at


    an oil price of ~54 $/barrel
    Gas Hydrates at the Chinese Continental Slope,
    South China Sea

    Source: N. Wu (2007, pers. comm.)


    Gas Hydrates at the Indian Continental Slope

    Source: M. V. Lall (2007, pers. comm.)


    Storage of CO2 below the Seabed

    SUGAR

    Safety, Costs
    Phase Diagram of CO2

    Risk of leakage
    decreases with
    water depth

    Self-sealing
    at >350 m
    Natural Seepage at the Seafloor
    -Black Sea Gas Seeps-

    Source: Naudts et al. (2006)


    The SUGAR Project

    • Funded by German Federal Ministries (BMWi, BMBF)

    • Funding period: June 2008 – May 2011

    • Total funding: ~13 Mio € (incl. support by industries)


    The SUGAR Project

    Prospection A: Exploration
    A1: Hydroacoustics

    Exploration A2: Geophysics


    A3: Autoclave-Drilling
    A4: Basin Modeling
    Quantification

    B: Exploitation and Transport


    Exploitation/ B1: Reservoir Modeling
    CO2 Storage
    B2: Laboratory Experiments
    B3: Gas Transport
    Pellet
    Transport
    SUGAR Partners
    Project Academia Industries
    A1 IFM-GEOMAR, University of L3 Communications ELAC Nautik
    Bremen GmbH

    A2 IFM-GEOMAR, BGR Hannover K.U.M. Umwelt- und Meerestechnik


    GmbH, Magson GmbH, SEND
    Offshore GmbH

    A3 University of Bremen, TU PRAKLA Bohrtechnik GmbH


    Clausthal

    A4 IFM-GEOMAR IES, TEEC


    B1 Fraunhofer UMSICHT, GFZ Wintershall, Wirth GmbH
    Potsdam, IFM-GEOMAR

    B2 FH Kiel, GFZ Potsdam, BASF, CONTROS GmbH, R&D


    Fraunhofer UMSICHT, IOW, Center at FH Kiel, 24sieben
    IFM-GEOMAR Stadtwerke Kiel AG, RWE Dea,
    Wintershall, E.ON Ruhrgas AG

    B3 IOW, FH Kiel Linde AG, Aker Yards, Lindenau


    Schiffswerft, Germanischer Lloyd,
    BASF
    A1: Hydro-acoustic detection of hydrate deposits

    - Hydrate deposits are usually formed by gas bubble ascent


    - Multi-beam echo-sounders will be further developed and
    used for flare imaging and hydrate location

    Hydrate Ridge off Oregon


    A2: Geo-acoustic imaging of hydrate deposits
    A2: Electro-magnetic imaging of hydrate deposits

    Joint inversion of seismic and electro-magnetic data


    A3: Autoclave-drilling technology

    - develop autoclave technology for MeBo


    - develop tool for formation independent drilling
    A4: Basin Modeling

    IFM-GEOMAR

    PetroMod3D (IES)
    B1, B2: Exploitation
    Reservoir modeling and lab experiments
    Hydrate Stability in Seawater (CO2 and CH4)

    Duan &
    Sun (2006)

    CO2 hydrates are thermodynamically more stable than CH 4 hydrates


    CH4(g)-Recovery from Hydrates Exposed to CO2

    CO2(l) after 200 h in sandstone


    Kvamme et al. (2007)

    CO2(l)
    after 400 h
    Hiromata et al. (1996)

    CO2(g)/N2(g)
    after 15 h
    Park et al. (2006)

    CO2(g)
    after 5 h
    Lee et al. (2003)
    B1, B2: Exploitation

    Options
    • Addition of CO2(l), only
    • Addition of CO2(l) and heat from
    - deep and warm formation waters (Schlumberger)
    - surface water (UMSICHT, mega pump)
    - in-situ methane burning (GFZ)
    • Addition of CO2(l) and polymers (BASF)
    • Addition of CO2(l) and other gases (IOW)

    Exploitation may also be done in two steps


    1. Step: Hydrate dissociation
    2. Step: Injection of CO2(l) to refill the pore space
    previously occupied by methane hydrates
    B1, B2: Exploitation

    Critical issues that need to be addressed:

    • Sluggish kinetics of gas swapping


    • Slope stability (avoid steep terrain)
    • Integrity of the unconsolidated cap sediments
    (overpressure < 10 bar)
    • Permeability of reservoir sediments (use sands)
    • Clogging by CO2 hydrate formation at the
    injection point (add polymers or heat)
    • CO2 content of the produced methane gas
    (avoid very high temperatures)
    B3: Gas Transport

    Source: Gudmundsson (NTNU Trondheim), Aker Kvaerner, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co.
    B3: Gas Transport

    Source: Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding Co.


    SUGAR Technologies
    International cooperation

    with India, Brasilia, China, Norway, South Korea, US

    • to apply the SUGAR exploration techniques

    • to perform a field production test during the second


    SUGAR phase starting in summer 2011

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