U.5 C. Community Waste Management

Community waste Management
Presented by
Robina Majeed
Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 1

Contents
•Definition of refuse/Solid waste and sewage
•Methods for Waste and sewage Disposal
•Types of Latrines used in community
•Fecal Born Diseases
•Control of Feco-oral diseases
•Types of rodents
•Diseases transmission by rodents
•Control of rodents

What is Waste Management?
Americans are responsible for producing a hopping

220 million tons of waste a year. Waste
management is that solution, a rather complex
issue that encompasses more than 20 different
industries. Waste management is collection,
transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage
and other waste products.

Definition
Solid waste means any garbage, refuse, sludge
from a waste water treatment plant, water supply
treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and
other discarded materials including solid, liquid,
semi-solid, or contained gaseous material,
resulting from industrial, commercial, removal and
agricultural operations.

Waste management
is the process of treating solid wastes and offers
variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t
belong to waste. It is about how garbage can be
used as a valuable resource. Waste management is
something that each and every household and
business owner in the world needs. Waste
management disposes of the products and
substances that you have use in a safe and efficient
manner.

Various Methods of Waste Disposal
•Dumping
•Landfills
•Incineration/Combustion
•Recovery and Recycling
•Plasma gasification
•Composting
•Waste to Energy (Recover Energy)

Dumping
People used dumps which are excavated pieces of land or pits
where waste materials are stored. Especially those in rural areas,
have dumps while urban communities have a common dump for
their residents.
Dumps are not regulated by the government and . They can be
found anywhere and may or not be covered with soil. They are
also not monitored and the chances of the liquids produced by
solid waste in contaminating the water supply is great.
Open dumps can attract pests such as flies and rats and emit bad
odors which are hazardous to man. Because of this, dumps are
considered illegal and have since been replaced with landfills.

1.Landfills are commonly found in
developing countries. There is a process used that eliminates
the odors and dangers of waste before it is placed into the
ground .It give rise to air and water pollution which
severely affects the environment and can prove fatal to
the lives of humans and animals.
2.Incineration/Combustion
The biggest advantage of this type of method is that it can reduce
the volume of solid waste to 20 to 30 percent of the original
volume, decreases the space . This process is also known as thermal
treatment where solid waste materials are converted by Incinerators
into heat, gas, steam and ash.

3.Recovery and Recycling
Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded
items for a specific next use.
Recycling is the process of converting waste products into
new products to prevent energy usage and consumption of
fresh raw materials. Recycling is the third component of
Reduce, Refuse and Recycle waste hierarchy. The idea
behind recycling is to reduce energy usage, reduce volume
of landfills, reduce air and water pollution, reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and preserve natural resources
for future use. GHG) is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits
radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause
of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere
are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.

Plasma gasification
Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process

using plasma which converts organic matter into a
syngas (synthesis gas) which is primarily made up
of hydrogen and carbon monoxide.

Plasma gasification

4.Composting
Composting is a easy and natural bio-degradation process that
takes organic wastes i.e. remains of plants and garden and kitchen
waste and turns into nutrient rich food for your plants.

Mechanical composing

•
Benefits
Economic
1. Improving economic efficiency

2.Creating markets for recycles consumption of products and materials
3.Valuable materials being recovered
4.Potential for new jobs and new business opportunities.
Social –
1.Reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management practices.
2.Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment
3.Potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the
developing poorer countries and cities.
Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment .
improved air and water quality .
Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practices
can provide subsequent generations a more healthy economy, a fairer and
more inclusive societyand a cleaner environment

Method of excreta disposal
and types of Latrine used in community

Service Type (Conservancy System)
1.
This type of waste disposal / refuse are collected separately and disposed
off.
A. Garbage is collected separately in dustbins and conveyed by covered carts
or lorries to suitable place. The combustible and non-combustible garbage is
sorted out. The former is burnt and the later is buried in low lying areas.
B. The human and animal waste (feces and urine) are collected in pans from
lavatories and is then carried by labors in carts or lorries for disposal outside
the city where it is buried for manure. The human and animal waste are also
called night-soil.
C. The storm water is conveyed separately by close and open channels and
discharge into natural streams. This system is obsolete now and can be used
in rural areas where there is shortage of water.
This system has the following disadvantages.
(a) Service Type of Latrines:
disadvantages
i) Night soil is exposed to flies even in carts.

(ii) There is soil and water pollution.
(iii) Buckets and pails are never emptied satisfactorily. Some quantity of night
soil always remains sticking to the buckets.
(iv) It gives highly objectionable smell especially when the latrines are cleaned.
(v) Buckets and pails often get corroded and require frequent replacement
which is a costly affair.
(vi) A large number of manual labourers are required hence not economical
from financial point of view.
(vii) Above all it is against the human dignity that human beings are employed
for removing the excreta of other human beings.
So the service convert such latrines which do not require any service in its
disposal.
Water Carriage System:
1-Sewered Areas
It requires piped water system for flushing the latrines; there
can be no sewerage system without a piped water supply. It
requires lot of money to lay down the underground system of
pipes and to maintain the system.
(i) It requires no manual labour for removal of human excreta.
(ii) The latrines always remain clean.
(iii) There is no irritation of smell or flies.
(iv) Spreading of diseases by insects, rodents or animals are
checked.
(v) There can be overall improvement of community health.
1-Water Carriage System and sewage treatment
a. Primary treatment
I. Screening
II. Removal of grit
III. Plain sedimentation
b. Secondary Treatment
IV. Trickling filters
V. Activated sludge processes→
C. Other Method
VI. Sea out fall
VII. Sewage farming
VIII. Oxidation ponds (also called lagoons or stabilization ponds, are large,
shallow ponds designed to treat wastewater through the sunlight, bacteria, and
algae. Algae grow using energy from the sun and carbon dioxide and inorganic
compounds released by bacteria in water).
Conti---
Oxidation ditches (An oxidation ditch is a modified activated sludge biological
treatment process that uses long solids retention times (SRTs) to remove
biodegradable organics. The typical oxidation ditch is equipped with aeration
rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circulation).

Definition of Latrine
A latrine is a toilet or an even simpler facility which is
used as a toilet within a sanitation system. For
example, it can be a communal trench in the earth in a
camp, a hole in the ground (pit latrine), or more
advanced designs, including pour-flush systems. The
term "latrine" is still commonly used in
emergency sanitation situations, as well as in army
camps.
The use of latrines in sanitation over more basic
practices such as open defecation, and helped control
the spread of many waterborne diseases.
2-Non-Service Type Latrines (Sanitary Latrines Treatment
Benefits
•A sanitary latrine is one which fulfill the following criteria.
Excreta should not contaminate the ground or surface water.
•Excreta should not pollute the soil.
•Excreta should not be accessible to flies,rodents,animals,
(pig,dog,cattles,etc) and other vehicles of trans mission.
•Excreta should not create a nuisance due to odour or
unsightly appearance.

2-Non-Service Type Latrines:
A brief description of some of the well –known

types of sanitary latrines is given bellow:
Non-service types of latrines include:

(a) Bore whole latrine
(b) Dug well latrine
(c) Water seal latrine
(d) R.C.A. latrine, (Research Cum Acton Project,
Government of India).
R.C.A Latrine

3. Latrine suitable for camps and temporary use
Types of Latrines
Shallow trench latrine

b) Deep trench latrine
c) Pit latrine

Types of Latrines
Pit latrine
A pit latrine is a simple and inexpensive toilet a hole (pit) in the
ground. Many military units, if intended for extended use, place basic
shelters and seating over the pits. A pit is typically sited well away
from any water sources to minimize possible contamination. After
prolonged use, a pit is typically buried.
Trench latrine
In a location without longer term sanitation infrastructure, a trench
toilet is a workable solution. It typically consists of a pit or a trench in
the ground, 4 feet (1.2 m) to 5 feet (1.5 m) deep and 4 feet (1.2 m) to
20 feet (6.1 m) long.

Slit-trench latrine
A slit-trench latrine consists of a relatively shallow trench
which is narrow enough to stand with one leg on either side (
defecation postures).

Shallow-trench latrine
The shallow-trench latrine is similar to the slit-trench latrine but
is wider (200-300mm wide) than the latter. It is also shallow, with
a depth of about 150 mm. This type of latrine is often used in the
initial phases of emergencies and is a simple improvement on
open defecation fields.
A rule of thumb in emergency sanitation provision is to allow
0.25 m2 of land per person per day. This means 2,500m 2 per
10,000 people per day, or nearly two hectares per week. Men’s
and women’s areas should always be separated .

Pit Latrine

Cistern flush toilet
Cistern flush toilet The cistern flush toilet, also known as a water
closet or WC, is usually made of ceramic material . The flush toilet
consists of two parts: a tank (cistern) that supplies flush water for
carrying away the excreta and a bowl into which the excreta are
deposited. facilities.

Pour-flush toilets
pour-flush toilet is like a cistern flush toilet except that instead of the water coming
from the cistern above, it is poured in by the user. When the water supply is not
continuous, any cistern flush toilet can become a pour-flush toilet. Water is simply
poured into the bowl manually from a bucket or a jug to flush the excreta;
approximately 2–3 liters of water is usually sufficient. The wastewater should be
disposed of to a septic tank.

Urinals
Urinals, used by men and boys, are only used for

collecting urine. Urinals are either wall-mounted
units or a drainage channel constructed on the floor
in connection with the wall. Most urinals use water
to flush although waterless urinals are now
becoming popular. In public places and schools,
urinals for men and boys help to keep toilets cleaner
and decrease the demand for more toilet-seats.

Fecal Born Diseases
•Waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that
most commonly are transmitted in contaminated fresh water. This is
one particular type of fecal-oral transmission.
•The fecal–oral route is a route of transmission of a disease, when
pathogens in fecal particles passing from one host are introduced
into the oral cavity of another host. One main cause of fecal–oral
disease transmission in developing countries is lack of adequate
sanitation and, often connected to that problem, water pollution
with fecal material.

Background
History to give modern day F-diagrams which has been widely used
in many other sanitation publications. It was set up in a way that
fecal–oral transmission pathways are shown to take place via
water, hands, arthropods and soil. The sanitation barrier however
when placed prevents the transmission of infection through the
hands, water and food.
The F-diagram is also used to show how proper sanitation (in
particular toilets, hygiene, hand washing) can act as an effective
barrier to stop transmission of diseases via fecal–oral pathways.
One approach to changing people's behaviors and stopping open
defecation, the community-led total sanitation approach, uses "live
demonstrations" of flies moving from food to fresh human feces
and back to "trigger" villagers into action.
Examples
The process of transmission may be simple or involve multiple steps.
Some examples of routes of fecal–oral transmission include:
•water that has come in contact with feces (for example due to
groundwater pollution from pit latrines) and is then not treated
properly before drinking;
•by shaking someone's hand that has been contaminated by stool,
changing a child's diapers, working in the garden or dealing with
livestock or house pets.
•food that has been prepared in the presence of fecal matter;
•disease vectors, like houseflies, spreading contamination from
inadequate fecal disposal such as open defecation;
•poor or absent hand washing after using the toilet or handling feces
(such as changing diapers)
•poor or absent cleaning of anything that has been in contact with
feces;
•eating feces, in children, orRobina
in aMajeed
mental disorder called
Sr. Lecturer SNC 42
Diseases
Bacteria
•Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
•Clostridium difficile (pseudomembranous enterocolitis)
•Shigella (shigellosis / bacillary dysentery)
•Salmonella typhii (typhoid fever)
•Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( is a curved, rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria
causes gastrointestinal illness in humans).
•Escherichia coli (gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped)

Viruses
•Hepatitis A[
•Hepatitis E
•Enter viruses ( group of RNA viruses (including those causing polio and
hepatitis A) occur in the gastrointestinal tract, sometimes spreading to the central
nervous system or other parts of the body).
•Norovirus acute gastroenteritis
•Poliovirus (poliomyelitis)
•Rotavirus – Most of these pathogens cause gastroenteritis.

Protozoan
•Entameba histolytica(amoebiasis) abdominal pain, diarrhea,
or bloody diarrhea
•Giardia (giardiasis) small intestine, microscopic parasite.
•Cryptosporidium (cryptosporidiosis) microscopic parasite
that causes the diarrheal disease
•Toxoplasma gondii(toxoplasmosis) Eating undercooked,
contaminated meat (especially pork, lamb, venison or deer).
Helminths
•Tape worms
•Ascariasis and other soil transmitted helminthiasis

The fecal–oral route
The fecal–oral route (or alternatively the oral–fecal
route or orofecal route) is a route of transmission
of a disease, when pathogens in fecal particles
passing from one host are introduced into
the oral cavity of another host.

Control of Feco-oral diseases
Introduction
Fecal matter to enter the mouth; the fecal-oral route. In

1958, Wagner and Lanoix
identified the major means of transmission and avoid from
1.Infected person
2.Pathogens
3.excreta
4.Susceptible person
5.Consumption of untreated water
6.Contaminated water source
7.Hand washing technique must be used.

Rodents
Definition of rodents
A gnawing mammal of an order that includes rats,
mice, squirrels, hamsters, porcupines (seh), and
their relatives, distinguished by strong constantly
growing incisors and no canine teeth. They
constitute the largest order of mammal

Types of rodents
The easiest way to identify the types of rodents is by

the suborders, such as Sciumorpha (squirrel-like),
Myomorpha (rat-like), Hystricomorphic (porcupine-
like) and Castorimorpha. These four types of rodents
are classified according to their skeletal system,
specifically the formation of the jaw and teeth.

Squirrel
An agile tree-dwelling rodent with a bushy tail,

typically feeding on nuts and seeds.

Sciuromorph Rodents

Sciuromorph
Sciuromorph rodents are characterized by the shape
of their infraorbital canal, located in the maxilla, or
upper jaw. More than 300 species of Sciuromorph
rodents live in the world. Sciuromorph rodents eat
both plants and animals.

Myomorph Rodents
Myomorph rodents are identified by their jaw and teeth structure.
The lateral and medial masseter muscles, used in mastication, are
shifted forward. Myomorph rodents live in the worl.

Hystricomorphic Rodents
Found in South America, North America, Africa and

Asia, hystricomorphic rodents include more than 230
species,states Bio Kids. Hystricomorphic a rodents
have enlarged infraorbital foramens, which is at the
end of the infraorbital canal in the upper jaw.

Castorimorphic Rodents
Found in North, South and Central America and

Europe, these rodents eat small insects and seeds.
jumping and large feet, live in dry areas such as
deserts, where they rely on deep burrows to
protect them from the sun.

Rodents that Make Good Pets
Hamsters
Syrian hamsters can have long or short hair, and
they come in various colors, including:
•Gold
•White
•Cream
•Cinnamon (brown)
•Sable (blackish)
•Black
•Grey Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 57
Mice
Rats

Rodents

Rabbit

Diseases transmission by rodents
Rat-Borne Diseases
Plague. This disease is carried by rats and transmitted by fleas in the
process of taking a blood meal. Domestic rats are the most common
reservoir of plague.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome. This is a viral disease that is
transmitted by the rat. This disease is spread in one of three ways:
inhaling dust that is contaminated with rat urine or droppings, direct
contact with rat feces or urine, and infrequently due to the bite of rat.
Leptospirosis. This is a bacterial disease transmitted with infected water
by swimming, kayaking (paddle of boat) or by contaminated drinking
water.
Rat-bite Fever. This disease may be transmitted through a bite, scratch
or contact with a dead rat.
Salmonellosis. Consuming food Robina or water
Majeed that
Sr. Lecturer SNC is contaminated by rat 61
Conti---
•Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome collapsed
•Lassa Fever collapsed: is an acute viral haemorrhagic illness of 2-21
days duration. contaminated with rodent urine or faeces.
•Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) collapsed ( is a

rodent-borne viral infectious disease caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
(LCMV)) .
•Omsk Hemorrhagic Fever collapsed (viral hemorrhagic fever

caused by a Flavivirus).

Rodent-borne diseases
•Arena virus: These viruses infect rodents which infect snakes. Aseptic
meningitis. At least eight arena viruses are known to cause human disease.
•Bartonellosis (Trench fever)
•Rat tapeworm: measure 20 to 60 cm in length. through insects in pre-
cooked cereals or other food items.
•Toxoplasmosis: infected cat feces
•Weil’s disease: It's caused by Leptospira bacteria. contact with the urine, blood,
or tissue of animals.
mild flu-like symptoms, such as headache and chills. With severe reaction these
organs include: liver,kidneys,lungs,heart,brain

Control of rodents
•Maintain a rodent-free home. Rodents reproduce

rapidly, and small populations become full-blown
infestations in very little time.
•Keep any possible food sources away from
rodents.
•Dry goods such as grains and cereals prevent
contamination.
•Fruits and vegetables should also be stored
properly.
Conti---
•In order to protect home, garden and health from
existing rodent infestations, professional, customized
solutions are often necessary.
•Within apartment buildings and neighborhoods,
coordination of prevention measures may include
cleaning efforts and landscape alteration.
•Identifying and sealing as many possible rodent entry
points.
•seek homemade solutions to their rodent problems.
•mothballs or even essential oils.
Conti---
•Control professional to arrange for a consultation.
not only to address current infestations but also to
prevent future infestations.
•Trees, weeds and overgrown vegetation can provide
access to your home and serve as a food source for
rats and mice.
•For effective rodent control, keep trees trimmed,
ensuring that no branches are touching the outside
of your home.
•To prevent rodents from accessing garbage, keep
trash bags tightly sealed and stored in garbage cans
Refrences
•Basavanthappa, B.T., 2008. Community health nursing.

Jaypee Brothers Publishers 2nd Edition .
•http://www.dictionary.com/browse/rodent
•https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/rodent


U.5 C. Community Waste Management

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

U.5 C. Community Waste Management

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

U.5 C. Community Waste Management

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Community waste Management

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 1

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 2

Americans are responsible for producing a hopping

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 3

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 4

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 5

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 6

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 8

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 9

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 11

Plasma gasification is an extreme thermal process

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 12

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 13

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 14

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 15

1. Improving economic efficiency

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 16

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 17

i) Night soil is exposed to flies even in carts.

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 22

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 24

A brief description of some of the well –known

Non-service types of latrines include:

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 26

Shallow trench latrine

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 28

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 29

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 30

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 31

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 35

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 36

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 37

Urinals, used by men and boys, are only used for

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 38

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 40

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 43

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 44

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 45

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 46

Fecal matter to enter the mouth; the fecal-oral route. In

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 47

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 49

The easiest way to identify the types of rodents is by

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 50

An agile tree-dwelling rodent with a bushy tail,

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 51

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 52

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 53

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 54

Found in South America, North America, Africa and

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 55

Found in North, South and Central America and

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 56

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 58

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 59

Robina Majeed Sr. Lecturer SNC 60

•Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis (LCM) collapsed ( is a