Unit 2 m1 Electronic Structure of Matter

UNIT 2 :
COUNTLESS
AND ACTIVE
PARTICLES
OF MATTER
MODULE 1
ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE OF
MATTER
At the end of this module you should
be able to:
1.Describe how the Bohr Model of the
atom improved Rutherford’s Atomic
Model.
2.Explain how the Quantum Mechanical
Model of atom describes the energies
and positions of the electrons.
WHAT IS MATTER?
MATTER – is anything
that occupy space and
has mass.
WHAT IS THE BASIC
UNIT OF MATTER?
ATOM- is the basic unit
of matter and the
smallest, indivisible unit
of a chemical element.
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF AN
ATOM?
NUCLEUS- the centre part of an
atom where protons and
neutrons are found.
PROTONS – Positively charge
particle
NEUTRONS – particle with no net
charge
ELECTRONS - Negatively charge
particle
ERNEST RUTHERFORD’S ATOMIC
MODEL
METALS AND COMPOUNDS OF
METALS HEATED IN A FLAME
NIELS BOHR MODEL OF AN ATOM
AN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPE
ELECTRONS IN EACH ORBIT
HAVE DEFINITE ENERGY,
WHICH INCREASES AS THE
DISTANCE OF THE ORBIT
FROM THE NUCLEUS
INCREASES. AS LONG AS THE
ELECTRON STAYS IN ITS
ORBIT, THERE IS NO
ABSORPTION OR EMISSION
OF ENERGY.
Absorption of energy
Emission of energy
ACTIVITY :
PREDICTING THE PROBABLE
LOCATION OF AN ELECTRON
OBJECTIVE:
• Describe how it is likely to find the electron in an atom by probability.
MATERIALS :
• 1 sheet of short bond paper
• Pencil or colored marker with small tip
• Compass
• Graphing paper
• ruler
The activity demonstrates
what scientist found out:
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO
KNOW THE EXACT POSITION
OF THE ELECTRON.
THREE PHYSICISTS THAT LED THE DEVELOPMENT
OF A BETTER MODEL OF THE ATOM:
ERWIN WERNER KARL

LOUIE DE BROGLIE SCHRODINGER HEISENBERG
De Broglie proposed
that the electron
(which is thought of as
a particle) could also
LOUIE DE BROGLIE be thought of as wave.
Schrodinger used the
idea proposed by de
Broglie to develop a
mathematical equation
to describe the
ERWIN
SCHRODINGER
hydrogen atom.
Heisenberg discovered
that for a very small
particle like the electron,
its location cannot
exactly known and how it
is moving. This is called
WERNER KARL
HEISENBERG
the UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE.
These scientist believed that there is
only a probability that the electron
can be found in a certain volume in a
space around the nucleus. This
volume or region of space around
the nucleus where the electron is
most likely to be found is called
ATOMIC ORBITAL.
THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL OF ATOM
The Quantum
Mechanical Model
views an electron as
a cloud of negative
charge having
certain geometrical
shape.
The model also
describes the region
of space around the
nucleus as consisting
of shells. This shells
are also called
PRINCIPAL or MAIN
ENERGY LEVELS.
PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS OR
SHELLS
•May have one or more
sublevels.
•These sublevels are assigned
with letters: s, p, d, f, and g.
PRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS AND SUBLEVELS OF ELECTRONS
PRINCIPAL NUMBER OF TYPE OF MAXIMUM
ENERGY LEVEL (n) SUBLEVELS SUBLEVEL AND NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
ORBITALS
1 1 1 s (1 orbital)
2
2 2 2 s (1 orbital),
2 p (3 orbitals) 8
3 3 3 s (1 orbital),
3 p (3 orbitals),
3 d (5 orbitals)
18
4 4 4 s (1 orbital), 4 p (3
orbitals) , 4 d (5 orbitals), 4 f
(7 orbitals)
32
5 5 5 s (1 orbital), 5 p ( 3
orbitals), 5 d (5 orbitals), 5 f
(7 orbitals), 5 g (9 orbitals)
50
As shown in the table, the principal
quantum number is always equal to
the number of sublevels within that
principal energy level. The maximum
number of electrons that can occupy
a principal energy level is given by
the formula 2n where n is the
2
PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER.

SHAPES OF s ORBITAL AND p ORBITAL
s orbital p orbital
SHAPE OF s ORBITAL
The s orbitals are
spherical shape, the
probability of finding an
electron at a given
distance from the
nucleus in an s orbital
does not depend on
direction.
s orbital
SHAPE OF p ORBITAL
The p orbitals are dumbbell-
shaped, these three kinds of
p orbitals are oriented along
the x, y, and z axes. So they
have different orientations
in space, px , py , and pz
p orbital
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
In an atom, electrons and the nucleus
interact to make the most stable
arrangement possible. The way in
which electrons are distributed in the
different orbitals around the nucleus of
an atom is called the ELECTRON
CONFIGURATION.
Arrangement of electrons in the atoms of the first 6 elements.
O R B I T A L
CHEMICAL 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
SYMBOL
1H
1s1
2 He 1s2
3 Li 1s2 2s1
4 Be 1s2 2s2
5 B 1s2 2s2 2px1
C 1s2 2s2 2p 12p 1

LET’S DO THIS!
O R B I T A L
SYMBOL
7 N
8 O
9 F
Ne
10
ACTIVITY: Use the table as a guide and write
the electron configuration of the elements in
the third period.
O R B I T A L
SYMBOL

Unit 2 m1 Electronic Structure of Matter

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UNIT 2 :

ERWIN WERNER KARL

PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER.

5 B 1s2 2s2 2px1

C 1s2 2s2 2p 12p 1

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