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 INTRODUCTION
 Darwin’s theory of evolution was eventually recognized when
scientists were able to supply verifications that Darwin himself had
been unable to specify.
 Natural selection gives us with an outline in understanding the
ideologies of evolution.
 Darwin’s idea of evolution has been improved by new evidence that
have been gathered by modern scientists.
 Moreover still, modern scientists are at an interminable expansion on
collecting data and evidence that may verify or invalidate the
information about evolution of life that we have now.
 And these pieces of evidence are significant in the field of biology.
GUESS WHO?
WHO HE IS?
 JEAN
BAPTIST
LAMARK
 PRINCIPLE
OF USE AND
DISUSE
WHO HE IS?
 CHARLES
DARWIN
 The origin of
species by means
of natural
selection.
WHO HE IS?
 Thomas
Malthus
 An Essay on
the principle
of population
WHO HE IS?
 James
Hutton
 Theory of
gradualism
ACTIVITY: 4PICS 1 WORD

E V I D E N C E

C E D E V N I E
Evidence of Evolution
Evidence of Evolution
5 Types of Evidence that scientists have
gathered in support of evolution
 Fossils
 Comparative Anatomy & Structures
 Embryology
 Biochemistry (Proteins & DNA)
 Biogeography
1.Fossils
 What is a FOSSIL?
 The preserved remains or traces of once living
organisms trapped in a rocks,tar.pits,frozen in ice
or embedded in amber.
 Most common fossils are bones,shells,and seeds
or pollen grains.
 Usually found in sedimentary rocks
 Fossil Record
 What does the Fossil Record tell us
about organisms?
 Looks (size, shape, etc.)
 Where or how they lived
 What other organisms they lived with.
 Provides a clear record of the major
evolutionary transitions that have
occurred through time.
 Paleontologist use the fossils found in rocks to
track the evolutionary history of many
organism.
 By identifying the age of rocks in which
fossils appear, we can obtain an accurate idea
of how old the fossils are.
 Geologists use Relative dating rocks were
dated by their position with respect to one
another; rocks in deeper strata are generally
older.
 On the other hand, in absolute
dating rocks are dated by
measuring the degree of decay of
certain radioisotopes contained
in the rock; the older the rock, the
more its isotopes have decayed.
 Since radioactive isotopes decay at a
constant rate unchanged by
temperature or pressure, the isotopes
in a rock act as an internal clock,
determining the time after the rock was
formed.
 Hence, the records found in the rocks
show a gradual evolutionary descent
from simpler to more complex life
forms.
 Furthermore, the fossil
record provides a clear
record of the major
evolutionary transitions
that have occurred
through time.
Example: Horse
 These are fossils Index Fossils
that appeared
around the same
time all around
the world.
 They can be used
to match ages of
rock layers in
different parts of
the world.

20
 Compare the
forelimbs of the
different
organism. Give
their similarities
and how they are
differ.
ANIMAL PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
 WHALE- Swimming
 CAT- running , walking,
jumping
 BAT- Flying, flapping wings
 1. What is the function of each of these
structures?
 flying and gliding
 2. How are they different in form? Give
specific differences.
 2 pieces of the wing in butterfly whereas many
feathers in a bird’s wing. There are bones in a
bird’s wing and non in the butterfly.
2.Comparative Anatomy & Structures or
anatomical evidences
 Observe how
similar the
structure of the
forelimb of a bird is
to that of a horse,
yet the bird uses its
forelimb to fly while
the horse uses the
same structure to
gallop.
 Though functions differ, the similarity
of structures is an evidence that these
animals have descended from a common
ancestor.
 As different species evolved, natural
section resulted in modifications that were
adapted to different types of environment.
2.Comparative Anatomy & Structures
 In comparing the anatomy and development of
organisms, it shows a unity of plan among those
that are closely related.
 Similarities indicate a common ancestor.
 The more similarities between organisms the
more closely related they are.
 It adopts the idea of “descent from a common
ancestor”.
 .Homologous Structures-
bodily structures that are
similar in structure, but
different in function, due to
sharing a common ancestor
 Homologous Structures
 Parts that have similar structures and
development (are built the same way) but have
different functions:
 Human arm
 Cat leg
 Whale flipper
 Bat wing

 Indicates a common ancestor 30

Homologous Structures
 Analogous Structures
 Analogous structures- bodily
structures that are similar in
function, but not in structure.
NOT EVIDENCE OF
COMMON ANCESTRY.
 Example: wings of a bee and
wings of a bird
Analogous Structures
 Parts that have the same function but a
different structure and development (they are
made differently):
 Bird wing
 Insect wing

 Indicates evolution along different lines

33
Anatomical Similarities
Vestigial Structures
 Structures that serve no function
but useful structures in earlier
ancestors
 Examples: Ear muscles
 Human tailbone
 Appendix
 Anatomical Similarities
 Vestigial structures – parts that are reduced in size
and have little or no function.
 Human appendix, tail bone, wisdom teeth and muscles that
move the ears and nose
 Whale hip and leg bones

36
Human appendix (other mammals
it is necessary to aid in digestion)
Vestigial Organs
 Hypothesize which embryo is
from each of the following
organisms:
(chicken,fish,human,salamander,to
rtoise,rabbit.)
 Can you easily identify them?why?
 1.Look again at the six embryos in their
earliest stages. Describe the patterns you
see. What physical similarities exist between
each of the embryos?

 Same basic shape, circular spots

(eyes) and underbelly, all have tails,
tiny bumps on underside, hole for ear
 2. Does this suggest an evolutionary
relationship? Explain how these embryos can
be used as evidence of a common ancestor
between each of these six organisms.
 Examination of vertebrate embryos reveals that
during corresponding stages of early
development, the embryos appear to be very
similar. For example, all vertebrate embryos pass
through stages in which they have gill pouches.
Similarly, all early vertebrate embryos have tails,
which persist in some animals but regress during
the later stages of development of humans.
Thus, the individual development
of an animal occurs through a
series of stages that paint a
broad picture of the
evolutionary stages (phylogeny)
of the species to which it belongs.
3. Embryological Development
 Embryo- fertilized egg that will/is in the process of
growing into a new individual
 EMBRYOLOGY is the study of the development
of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form also
gives evidence of relatedness between now widely
different groups of organisms.
 Closely related organisms go through similar
developmental stages early in development
 All vertebrates have gill pouches sometime during their
early development
Embryological Development
 The embryos of closely related species show
similar patterns of development.
 As development continues the embryo resembles
the adult.
 The longer the embryos resemble each other, the
closer related they are.
 Similarities in early development indicate that
similar genes are at work.
 Ex. At early development of fish, birds, humans
and related animals, their active genes are those
they inherited from a common ancestor.
 The common ancestor of these different animals
had a particular sequence of genes that
controlled its early development.
 As they grow and develop, the embryos
slowly become very dissimilar.
 It means that the genes changed during the
course of evolution.
 Some changes are brought about by
mutations or changes in genetic blueprint
contained w/in an organism.
 Group 4
 Cytochrome c is a protein found in mitochondria.
 It is used in the study of evolutionary relationships
because most animals have this protein.
 Cytochrome c is made of 104 amino acids joined together.
 Below is a list of the amino acids in part of a cytochrome
protein molecule for 9 different animals.
 Record how many differences you found in the table.
. Based on the Cytochrome
C data, which organism is
most closely related to
humans?
 Monkey
 2. Do any of the organisms have the same
number of differences from human
Cytochrome C? In situations like this, how
would you decide which is more closely
related to humans?
 None of the organisms have the same number of
difference from the human Cytochrome C. In
situations like this, we can decide which is more
closely related to humans by comparing
anatomy structures, evolutionary tree or
comparing them to the human genes by using
another protein.
 4. Molecular/Biochemical Evidence
 Living organisms shared
numerous related biochemical
molecules, such as, DNA,
ATP,amino acids and
enzymes.
 This findings support
descent from a common
ancestor.
 The more closely they linked
organisms the more related
is their biochemical genetic
make up.
1. DNA/Nucleic acids
 Genes are located in the chromosomes,
which are made of DNA or
deoxyribonucleic acid.
 The more closely related two living
organisms are, the more similar the
sequence of their DNA molecules will
be.
 4. Molecular/Biochemical Evidence
o DNA used to translate
nucleotide sequences into
amino acid is essentially the
same in all organisms

o Proteins in all organisms are

composed of the same set of
20 amino acids
o Powerful argument in favor
of the common descent of
the most diverse organisms.
PROTEINS
 are molecules that are used to build up and
repair body parts.
 Scientists believe that the more similar the
structure of protein molecules of different
organisms is, the more related they are and
the more recent the existence of their
common ancestor.
 Unrelated species have different amino
acids.
 Which among the
organisms is closely
related to human?
 Molecular Similarities
 The ability to read the amino acid sequence of
proteins and the DNA of an organism letter by letter
has enabled biologists to confirm evolutionary
relationships.
 The more closely related
organisms are, the
greater the biochemical
similarities will be in the
sequences of DNA,
proteins, and enzymes.
60
 Molecular/Biochemical Evidence
 Cytochrome c
 An ancient protein common to all aerobic (oxygen
breathing) organisms
 Amino acid sequence to make cytochrome c differs
increasingly the more distantly related two
organisms are (very similar amino acid sequence =
closely related)
 The cytochrome c of humans and chimpanzees is
identical
Universal Code
BIOGEOGRAPHY
 is the study of the geographic distributions of organisms.
 Darwin’s trip around South America allowed him to
observe the diversity of organisms in different areas and
the resemblance of such species of birds and tortoises in
an island to nearby mainland.
 Darwin believed that the group of organisms in each
island is adapted to a distinct way of life.
 The common ancestors of these organisms had come from
one place, expanding out into other accessible regions.
BIOGEOGRAPHY
copyright cmassengale 65
BIOGEOGRAPHY

Darwin’s
Voyage of
Discovery
Darwin Left England in 1831

Darwin returned 5 years later in 1836

copyright cmassengale 67
1.Butterfly wing and bird wing are
considered homologous structure.
 2.Embryology is the study of body structures
of organisms to compare and infer
evolutionary links.
 3.The more number of similarities in
biochemical make up the closely related they
are.
 4.In identifying age of fossils, it can be done by studying
the position of rock layers where fossils appeared. This
method of dating is called relative dating.
 5.Homologous structures are body structures
indicating that organisms descended from a
close common ancestor.
EVALUATION
1. DNA of the life-forms on Earth are almost
universal and seem to be templated from one
original source, this line of inferring can be
based from what evidence of evolution?

A. Fossil record B. Comparative anatomy

C. Molecular biology D. Embryology
2. Exactly different organisms such as fish and
humans may have resemblances during the
early stage of their development and will lose
some key likenesses as they grow in later stage
of development, which among the following is
the line of evidence and field of study that
underlie the said concept for evolution?
A.Fossil record B.Comparative anatomy
C. Molecular biologyD.Embryology
3.What evidence of evolution is portrayed by
the unique species on islands which are
usually isolated from another mainland?

A.Fossil Record B. Comparative Anatomy

C.Embryology D.Biogeography
4.These body structures indicate that
organisms descended from a close common
ancestor.
A.Analogous Structure
B.Homologous structure
C.Embryonic structure
D.Vestigial structure
5.How will you use Biogeography as an evidence
to infer evolutionary relationship?
A.Organism living closer at each other and sharing the same
niche are also closely related to each other.
B.The unique characteristics of the organisms living on a
secluded area is indicative of their ancestry and speciation.
C.Biogeography revealed that organisms with similar
developmental pattern even if found at different places
might once live together before they were separated due to
natural events or forces.
D.All of the above
Construct a concept
map about evidences
of evolution.
AGREEMENT
 READ ABOUT PHYLOGENY AND
HOW TO CONSTRUCT
PHYLOGENETIC TREE.
Thank You!!