3.4 Membrane Digestion
3.4 Membrane Digestion
3.4 Membrane Digestion
absorption
Membrane digestion
Goes in succession in three zones:
In mucus
In glycocalyx
On the apical membrane of enterocytes
Was discovered by prof. Ugolev A.M.
Ugolev experiment
muscels
Nervous fibres
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Medical Lecture Notes – All Subjects
МФ – memnbrane enzymes
ПФ – pancreatic enzymes
КЦФ – active centers of enzyme
РЦФ – regulatory
centers of enzymes
ТСМ – membrane transport syst
Brush boarder region
0,01-0,02 10-6 m microvilli –
Up to 3000 on one
1-2мкм enterocyte – increase
the square up to
30 times
Membrane enzymes
Enteral cavity
water film
blood
Characteristic properties of
membrane digestion
1. Large catalytic surface
2. Highly effective
3. Sterile
4. Closely connected with absorption
Enzymes
• Secreted by enterocytes
• Fixed on the apical membrane of the
enterocyte
• On enterocyte destruction get into
glycocalyx, mucus & enteric juice
• Break down olygo- & dimers to form
monomers
Membrane digestion and
absorption
Absorption in small
intestine
absorption
• Это сложный физиологический процесс
проникновения различных веществ через
биологическую мембрану в кровь и лимфу
• В результате организм получает
питательные вещества, воду, соли,
витамины и лекарственные вещества
Methods of studying
absorption in the
intestines
Acute methods
Lymphatic vessels studying
vividiffusion
v. portae
печень
solution
Chronic methods
Isolated loop of small intestine
fistuli
macrovilli
muscels
Nervous fibres
Macrovilli contents
• arteriola
• Capillary net
• venula
• Lymphatic capillary
• Muscle fibres
• Nervous ending
• Enterocytes with brush boarder
• Surface of absorption is about 200 m2
macrovilli
Dissolved in wate
water substances
arteries veins
Types of transport
passive: Active
• filtration • Primary active
• osmosis (sodium-potassium
• diffusion pump)
Goes along the gradients • Secondary active
created by macrovilli
(glucose & amino
contraction acids transport)
15-20 ml of fluid is
absorbed per 1 minute
enterocyte
Renewed very quickly
Non-differentiated cylindrical cells rise up
from cripts to the top of the villi in 24-36
hours
Blood supply of small intestine
• Upper mesenterical artery
• Coeliac artery
• Lower mesenterical artery
Small intestines get 10-15% of Q (MBF)
400 ml/min
5% 20%
75%
submucous muscle layer
mucous
During digestion blood supply increases by 30-130%
750 ml/min
jejunum ileum Large intestines
permeability
p
e
r
Via cells
active •Protein-carrier
•Energy requering
Via cells
•diffusion
•convection
Water transport
Goes via gaps between the enterocytes
along the gradients:
• Hydrostatic
• Osmotic (created additionally by sodium
absorption)
• Dissolved in water substances are
absorbed
Water can be secreted from blood
into the intestinal cavity
1. Active secretion of anions
2. Decrease of active absorption
3. High osmotic pressure in the intestinal
cavity
4. Increased hydrostatic pressure in the serose
layer
5. Increased permeability of intracellular gaps
for ions
Dehydroxyle derivatives of bile acids & laxatives increase
permeability of intracellular junctions.
Magnesium sulphate increases osmotic pressure in the
intestinal cavity
Hydrostatic
pressure
“leaking” junction
Bacterial toxins Hormones
(Cholera toxin, (prostaglandies,
coletoxin) secretin, VIP)
C-AMP
Calcium concentration in the enterocytes changes,
Chlorine permeability increases
glucose
Na
+
К+
Basilar membrane
ATP
Na+
Fats
• 60-100 g of fat per day
90% of them are thryglcerides
5-7 g are excreted with faeces
• Emulsified in duodenum (fat drop in stomach
is 100 nm in diameter, I the intestines – 5 nm)
• Absorbed in the form of fine emulsions or
micells with bile acids 95% in duodenum
Lipids absorption
TG lipoproteins
95% fats
Amino acids
50% 30%
glucose
30% 50-60%
Large intestine
Absorption is completed here & faeces are
formed:
• 400 g of chyme per day enters from small
intestine
• 150-200 g of faeces is formed – 70-80% of
water; 20-30% of dry matter (cellulose, non-
organic substances; fats)
• The number of microorganisms is
exceptionally great— up to tens of milliards
per kg of contents.