Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 6 views

    T-4-3 - Turn Performance

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Pandey

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    T-4-3 - Turn Performance

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Pandey
    6 views10 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views10 pages

    T-4-3 - Turn Performance

    Uploaded by

    Aryan Pandey

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Aircraft Performance & Design

    MACE 20400

    Module 4: Mission Analysis


    Topic 3: Turn Performance

    Dr Nicholas Bojdo
    [email protected]
    2. G-force
    The Cost of a Turn

    • Load Factor and G-force

    • Loss of Lift - Red Bull Air Race

    • Turn Performance Parameters


    Uses of the Banked Turn

    • A banked turn is used to navigate in the horizontal plane, for example to change track (heading) in

    a given flight corridor, or to line up with the runway. The turn radii can be several kilometres.
    G-force

    • G-force and load factor effectively mean the same thing. We use g-force to conceptually describe

    the sensation of an increase or decrease in our weight, as a result of a turn or an impact.

    • Load factor, is simply a more appropriate mathematical definition.

    • If we are experiencing a force of 12G, it means , and we feel a sensation that gravity has been

    increased by 12 times its usual value of .

    • However, is unit-less and has a strict definition for our performance analyses:
    Turn Radius and Turn Rate

    • The two performance characteristics important to turning are:

    1. The Turn Radius,

    2. The Turn Rate,

    • These characteristics are particularly relevant to combat


    𝜔
    aircraft: for superior dog-fighting capability, the aircraft should
    𝑅
    have the smallest possible turn radius and the fastest

    possible turn rate.

    • To achieve this, it is desirable to complete a turn with:

    1. The highest possible load factor within the permissible

    envelope (pilot consciousness and aircraft structure).

    2. The lowest possible velocity within stall limits


    The Level Banked Turn

    • The turn is created by rolling to the desired bank angle, , Bank


    Angle
    and pitching the nose up to maintain constant altitude.
    𝜙
    • A greater bank angle means a higher load factor

    • The same principles apply as before, in that a higher Axis of Turn


    turn rate and smaller radius will be achieved through:

    1. The highest possible load factor

    2. The lowest possible velocity

    • However, in commercial aircraft a higher load factor


    𝜔
    translates to passenger discomfort and greater lift and

    therefore drag coefficient. 𝑅


    • Airspace constraints may pose restrictions on radius too.
    Red Bull Air Race – Extreme G-force
    Red Bull Air Race – Instruments

    • The tight manoeuvres performed in the Red Bull Air Race are all about pulling ‘g’. The throttle

    (engine power) is flat out, and the pilot pulls turns by coordinating yoke and rudder pedal inputs.

    airspeed
    g-meter

    yoke
    Controls in a High ‘G’ Turn

    • In each extreme turn, he uses the ailerons to roll the aircraft, and the elevator to pitch the aircraft

    to generate the extra lift needed to induce a centripetal acceleration

    Roll / bank

    Pitch / pull back


    Red Bull Air Race – Forces

    • When the aircraft is banked to 90 degrees, there is no lift remaining to balance the weight.

    • The pilot uses rudder input to yaw the aircraft and utilise the propeller thrust to balance weight.

    𝑇
    𝐷

    • This is the case for a ‘knife edge’ turn in an aerobatic racer; turns in

    commercial aircraft are much more gentle and retain a vertical

    component of lift to oppose weight.

    You might also like