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Binomial Distribution Y With Examples

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The document discusses the binomial distribution, defining it as a probability experiment with a fixed number of trials, two possible outcomes per trial (success or failure), and a constant probability of success from trial to trial. It provides the binomial probability formula and examples of calculating probabilities for binomial experiments.

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Binomial Distribution Y With Examples

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emmanonsoagaehi4u
20 views12 pages
The document discusses the binomial distribution, defining it as a probability experiment with a fixed number of trials, two possible outcomes per trial (success or failure), and a constant probability of success from trial to trial. It provides the binomial probability formula and examples of calculating probabilities for binomial experiments.

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15. Binomial Distribution Y With Examples

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The document discusses the binomial distribution, defining it as a probability experiment with a fixed number of trials, two possible outcomes per trial (success or failure), and a constant probability of success from trial to trial. It provides the binomial probability formula and examples of calculating probabilities for binomial experiments.

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20 views12 pages

Binomial Distribution Y With Examples

Uploaded by

emmanonsoagaehi4u
The document discusses the binomial distribution, defining it as a probability experiment with a fixed number of trials, two possible outcomes per trial (success or failure), and a constant probability of success from trial to trial. It provides the binomial probability formula and examples of calculating probabilities for binomial experiments.

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The Binomial Distribution

Prof. Paola Di Muro


Brandon University
Recall
Discrete Random Variables Continuous Random
Variables
“generic” Binomial Normal distribution
Probability
Distribution
distribution

• Many probability problems have only two


outcomes, success or failure. When you toss a coin,
you can only get H or T. A soccer play-off game can
only result in a win or a loss. A multiple choice
question will be answered correctly or incorrectly,
and a medical treatment can only be effective or
non-effective.
Definition
• A binomial experiment is a probability experiment that
satisfies the following conditions
• There are a fixed number n of trials;
• Each trial can only have two possible outcomes, success (S)
or failure (F);
• The probability of success P(S) = p remains the same from
trial to trial (the trials are INDEPENDENT);
• The probability of failure P(F) = 1 – p = q

• The binomial random variable X is the number of successes


in n trials. The set of values that X can assume is {0, 1, 2, …,
n}
• Note: the choice of “success” is arbitrary.
Binomial Probability Formula
• Given the binomial random variable X, the
probability of x successes in n trials is
• P(x) = nCx (p)x* (1-p)n-x where p = P(S)
n = number of trials
• nCx represents the number of events resulting in x
successes,
• (p)x* (1-p)n-x is the probability of x
successes and (n-x) failures.
• Recall: nCx = In general, there is
symmetry, and = nCn-x = nCx
Example
• If the probability is 40% that a divorcee will remarry within three years,
find the probability that, of 10 randomly selected divorcees
• (a) exactly 2 of them will remarry within three years
• Solution: X = number of divorcees that will remarry within three years
Example continued
• (b) at least 3 of them will remarry within three years
Another example
• A survey concludes that 5 out of 8 university students own a
laptop. If 7 students are randomly selected, find the
probability that more than 5 own a laptop?
• Solution: X =
• n= p= 1 –p =
• P(more than 5) =
MEAN, VARIANCE and ST. DEV. for a BINOMIAL R.V.

• For a binomial RV these formulas have a particular


nice form.
• Let X be the number of heads in 3 tosses. X is
discrete, and its probability distribution is:
X P(X)
0 1/8
1 3/8
2 3/8
3 1/8

• Let’s calculate the mean or expected value of X using


the formula for discrete RVs
• μ = E(X) = Σ [X * P(X)] =
Expected value formula for binomial RVs
• We can calculate the mean or expected value of a binomial random
variable using the formula:
• μ = E(X) = (n) (p).
• In the above example, X = the number of Heads when tossing 3 coins is
also binomial with n = p= 1-p = so
μ = E(X) =
• (note:
we get exactly the same answer as before)
• Similarly, instead of using the “generic” formulas, we can calculate the
variance σ2 and the standard deviation σ of a binomial RV using the
following formulas:
• σ2 = n p (1 – p) and σ =
• Using our example: σ2 =
Translating words into symbols
Phrase Math symbol
At least 2 ≥
More than 2 >
Greater than 2
Fewer than 2 <
Less than 2
No more than 2 ≤
At most 2
Exactly 2 =
Example
• A multiple choice exam consists of 12 questions. Each question has 4
possible answers. James has not been to class for the last month and
decides to answer randomly.

• (a) How many questions should he expect to answer correctly?

• (b) What will the standard deviation be?

• (c) What is the probability that he will guess at most 9 correct answers?
Example continued
• (d) what is the probability of answering at least 10 questions incorrectly?
• Solution: Method 1 Let X = number of questions answered incorrectly.
1

• n = 12 p = 1–p=

• Method 2. Keep X = number of questions answered correctly (as in a, b, c)


• At least 10 incorrect means P( ) + P( ) + P( ) incorrect
• In terms of correct answers  P( ) + P( ) + P( ) correct

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