HUKUM TERMODINAMIKA II

Program Studi Teknik Mesin

Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Pamulang
The second law of thermodynamics states that processes occur in a certain
direction, not in just any direction. Physical processes in nature can proceed toward
equilibrium spontaneously:

Water flows down a waterfall.

Gases expand from a high pressure to a low pressure.
Heat flows from a high temperature to a low temperature.

Once it has taken place, a spontaneous process can be reversed, but it will not
reverse itself spontaneously. Some external inputs, energy, must be expended
to reverse the process. As it falls down the waterfall, water can be collected in
a water wheel, cause a shaft to rotate, coil a rope onto the shaft, and lift a
weight. So the energy of the falling water is captured as potential energy
increase in the weight, and the first law of thermodynamics is satisfied.
However, there are losses associated with this process (friction). Allowing the
weight to fall, causing the shaft to rotate in the opposite direction, will not
pump all of the water back up the waterfall.

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Hukum kedua termodinamika menyatakan bahwa proses terjadi
dalam arah tertentu, bukan sembarang arah. Proses fisika di alam
dapat berjalan menuju keseimbangan secara spontan:
Air mengalir menuruni air terjun.
Gas memuai dari tekanan tinggi ke tekanan rendah.
Kalor mengalir dari suhu tinggi ke suhu rendah.
Sekali hal ini terjadi, sebuah proses spontan dapat dibalik, namun
tidak akan terjadi secara spontan. Beberapa masukan eksternal,
energi, harus dikeluarkan untuk membalikkan proses. Saat jatuh ke
air terjun, air dapat ditampung dalam kincir air, menyebabkan
poros berputar, melilitkan tali ke poros, dan mengangkat beban.
Jadi energi air yang jatuh ditangkap sebagai peningkatan energi
potensial dalam berat, dan hukum pertama termodinamika
terpenuhi. Namun, ada kerugian yang terkait dengan proses ini
(gesekan). Membiarkan beban turun, menyebabkan poros
berputar ke arah berlawanan, tidak akan memompa seluruh air
kembali ke air terjun

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Spontaneous processes can proceed only in a particular direction. The first law of
thermodynamics gives no information about direction; it states only that when one
form of energy is converted into another, identical quantities of energy are involved
regardless of the feasibility of the process. We know by experience that heat flows
spontaneously from a high temperature to a low temperature. But heat flowing from
a low temperature to a higher temperature with no expenditure of energy to cause
the process to take place would not violate the first law.

The first law is concerned with the conversion of energy from one form to another.
Joule's experiments showed that energy in the form of heat could not be completely
converted into work; however, work energy can be completely converted into heat
energy. Evidently heat and work are not completely interchangeable forms of energy.
Furthermore, when energy is transferred from one form to another, there is often a
degradation of the supplied energy into a less “useful” form. We shall see that it is the
second law of thermodynamics that controls the direction processes may take and
how much heat is converted into work. A process will not occur unless it satisfies both
the first and the second laws of thermodynamics.

A reference to the founders of thermodynamics is:

http://www.eoht.info/page/Thermodynamics+founders

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Proses spontan hanya dapat berlangsung pada arah tertentu. Hukum pertama
termodinamika tidak memberikan informasi tentang arah; teori ini hanya
menyatakan bahwa ketika suatu bentuk energi diubah menjadi bentuk energi
lain, jumlah energi yang sama akan ikut terlibat, apapun kelayakan prosesnya.
Kita mengetahui dari pengalaman bahwa kalor mengalir secara spontan dari
suhu tinggi ke suhu rendah. Namun kalor yang mengalir dari suhu rendah ke
suhu lebih tinggi tanpa mengeluarkan energi untuk menyebabkan proses
berlangsung tidak melanggar hukum pertama.Hukum pertama berkaitan
dengan konversi energi dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lainnya. Eksperimen Joule
menunjukkan bahwa energi dalam bentuk panas tidak dapat diubah
seluruhnya menjadi kerja; Namun, energi kerja dapat diubah seluruhnya
menjadi energi panas. Jelaslah bahwa panas dan kerja bukanlah bentuk
energi yang dapat dipertukarkan sepenuhnya. Lebih jauh lagi, ketika energi
dipindahkan dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lainnya, sering kali terjadi degradasi
energi yang disuplai menjadi bentuk yang kurang “bermanfaat”. Kita akan
melihat bahwa hukum kedua termodinamikalah yang mengontrol arah proses
dan berapa banyak panas yang diubah menjadi kerja. Suatu proses tidak akan
terjadi kecuali memenuhi hukum pertama dan kedua
termodinamika.Referensi para pendiri termodinamika adalah:
http://www.eoht.info/page/Thermodynamics+founders
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Some Definitions

To express the second law in a workable form, we need the following definitions.

Heat (thermal) reservoir

A heat reservoir is a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium to which and from which
finite amounts of heat can be transferred without any change in its temperature.

A high temperature heat reservoir from which heat is transferred is sometimes called a heat
source. A low temperature heat reservoir to which heat is transferred is sometimes called a
heat sink.

Work reservoir

A work reservoir is a sufficiently large system in stable equilibrium to which and from which
finite amounts of work can be transferred adiabatically without any change in its pressure.

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Beberapa Definisi
Untuk menyatakan hukum kedua dalam bentuk yang bisa diterapkan,
kita memerlukan definisi berikut.
Reservoir panas (termal).
Reservoir panas adalah suatu sistem yang cukup besar dan berada
dalam kesetimbangan stabil di mana sejumlah panas dapat
dipindahkan tanpa adanya perubahan suhu.
Reservoir panas bersuhu tinggi tempat panas dipindahkan kadang-
kadang disebut sumber panas. Reservoir panas bersuhu rendah
tempat panas dipindahkan kadang-kadang disebut heat sink.
Reservoir kerja
Reservoir kerja (work reservoir) adalah suatu sistem yang cukup besar
dan berada dalam kesetimbangan stabil di mana sejumlah kerja yang
terbatas dapat ditransfer secara adiabatik tanpa adanya perubahan
pada tekanannya.
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Thermodynamic cycle

A system has completed a thermodynamic cycle when the system undergoes a series of
processes and then returns to its original state, so that the properties of the system at
the end of the cycle are the same as at its beginning.
Thus, for whole numbers of cycles

Pf  Pi , Tf  Ti , u f  ui , v f  vi , etc.

Heat Engine

A heat engine is a thermodynamic system operating in a thermodynamic cycle to

which net heat is transferred and from which net work is delivered.

The system, or working fluid, undergoes a series of processes that constitute the heat
engine cycle.

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The following figure illustrates a steam power plant as a
heat engine operating in a thermodynamic cycle.

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 Thermal Efficiency,  th

The thermal efficiency is the index of performance of a work-producing device or a heat

engine and is defined by the ratio of the net work output (the desired result) to the heat
input (the costs to obtain the desired result).

Desired Result
 th 
Required Input
For a heat engine the desired result is the net work done and the input is the heat supplied
to make the cycle operate. The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less than 100
percent.

Wnet , out
 th 
Qin
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where Wnet , out  Wout  Win
Qin  Qnet
Here the use of the in and out subscripts means to use the magnitude (take the positive
value) of either the work or heat transfer and let the minus sign in the net expression take
care of the direction.

Now apply the first law to the cyclic heat engine.

Qnet , in  Wnet , out  U

0 (Cyclic)

Wnet , out  Qnet , in

Wnet , out  Qin  Qout
The cycle thermal efficiency may be written as

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 The thermal efficiency of the
Wnet , out
 th  above device becomes
Qin
QL

Qin  Qout  th  1 
Qin QH
Qout
 1
Qin
Cyclic devices such as heat engines,
refrigerators, and heat pumps often operate
between a high-temperature reservoir at
temperature TH and a low-temperature
reservoir at temperature TL.

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Example 6-1

A steam power plant produces 50 MW of net work while burning fuel to produce
150 MW of heat energy at the high temperature. Determine the cycle thermal
efficiency and the heat rejected by the cycle to the surroundings.

Wnet , out
 th 
QH
50 MW
  0.333 or 33.3%
150 MW
Wnet , out  QH  QL
QL  QH  Wnet , out
 150 MW  50 MW
 100 MW
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