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    BS Lect 01

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    jasonnumahnalkel

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    BS Lect 01

    Uploaded by

    jasonnumahnalkel
    2 views13 pages

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    2 views13 pages

    BS Lect 01

    Uploaded by

    jasonnumahnalkel

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Basic Statistics

    Chapter 1

    Introduction and Data Collection


    Learning Objectives

    After completing this chapter you should


    be able to:
     meaningfully define what statistics is, How, and
    When Statistics is used or applied.
     know the two major areas of statistics.
     Know the variable types, and the data types used
    in statistics.
     Know the different levels of measurements used.
     Know the sources of data, and the different
    sampling methods used in data collection.
    Basic Concepts of Statistics

    Statistics is concerned with:

     Processing and analyzing data


     Collecting, presenting, and transforming
    data to assist decision makers
    Key Definitions
     A population (universe) is the collection of all
    members of a group
     A sample is a portion of the population
    selected for analysis
     A parameter is a numerical measure that
    describes a characteristic of a population
     A statistic is a numerical measure that
    describes a characteristic of a sample
    Population vs. Sample

    Population Sample

    a b cd b c
    x
    ef gh i jk l m n gi n
    o p q rs t u v w o r u
    x y z y

    Measures used to describe a Measures computed from


    population are called sample data are called
    parameters, such as µ,σ, etc statistics, such as, s for the
    sample standard deviation.
    Two Branches of Statistics

     Descriptive statistics
     Collecting, summarizing, and presenting data
     Inferential statistics
     Drawing conclusions about a population based
    only on sample data
    Descriptive Statistics

     Collect data
     e.g., Survey
     Present data
     e.g., Tables and graphs
     Characterize data
    X i
     e.g., Sample mean = n
    Inferential Statistics
     Estimation
     e.g., Estimate the population
    mean weight using the sample
    mean weight
     Hypothesis testing
     e.g., Test the claim that the
    population mean weight is 120
    pounds

    Drawing conclusions about a population based on


    sample results.
    Collecting Data
    Primary Secondary
    Data Collection Data Compilation

    Print or Electronic

    Observation Survey

    Experimentation
    Types of Data

    Data

    Categorical Numerical

    Examples:
     Marital Status
     Political Party Discrete Continuous
     Eye Color
    Examples: Examples:
    (Defined categories)
     Number of Children  Weight
     Defects per hour  Voltage
    (Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
    Levels of Measurement
    and Measurement Scales
    Differences between Highest Level
    measurements, true Ratio Data
    zero exists (Strongest forms of
    measurement)

    Differences between
    measurements but no Interval Data
    true zero
    Higher Levels
    Ordered Categories
    (rankings, order, or Ordinal Data
    scaling)

    Categories (no Lowest Level


    ordering or direction) Nominal Data (Weakest form of
    measurement)
    Levels of Measurement
    and Measurement Scales
    EXAMPLES:
    Differences between Height, Age, Weekly
    Ratio Data measurements, true
    Food Spending
    zero exists

    Differences between Temperature in


    Interval Data measurements but no Fahrenheit, Standardized
    true zero exam score

    Service quality rating,


    Ordered Categories
    Ordinal Data (rankings, order, or scaling) Standard & Poor’s bond
    rating, Student letter
    grades

    Categories (no ordering Marital status, Type of car


    Nominal Data or direction) owned
    Chapter Summary

     Reviewed basic concepts of statistics:


     Population vs. Sample
     Parameter vs. Statistic
     Primary vs. Secondary data sources

     Defined descriptive vs. inferential statistics


     Reviewed types of data and measurement scales
     Categorical vs. Numerical data
     Discrete vs. Continuous data
     Nominal and Ordinal scales
     Interval and Ratio scales

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