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COMMUNITY WASTES

05/26/2024
MANAGEGMENT
ASSIGNED BY MA’AM AGNES ALFRED
PRESENTED BY ( GROUP 3)
AZAM TARIQ , FAIZYAB ALI
HAZRAT BILAL , WASEEM UR RAHMAN
IHSAN ULLAH , IMAD UD DIN, ABDUL WALI
M. IRFAN , SAJJAL JAVED, AIMAN HUSSAIN
BSN-GENERIC 1ST YEAR, II SEMESTER
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OBJECTIVES

 Define refuse, solid waste and sewage.

 Discuss method for solid waste and sewage
disposable.
 Explain Types of latrines used in communities.
 Identify fecal borne disease.
 Explore control of fecal borne disease.
 Describe types of rodents.
 Discuss diseases transmission by rodent.
 Explain control of rodent. 05/26/2024
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Define Refuse, Solid Waste And

Sewage.
 Presenter: Hazrat Bilal

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DEFINITIONS

REFUSE:
“ Waste are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any
substance which is discarded after primary use, or is
worthless, defective and of no use.
OR
“ Refuse is the name often given to municipal or
household waste material that cannot be reused and will
instead be sent to a landfill. Also called trash or garbage”.

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GARBAGE AND RUBBISH

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SOLID WASTE

DEFINITIONS:
Solid waste is often referred as 3rd pollution after air and water
pollution.
 Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated
from human activities in residential, industrial or commercial
areas.

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INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL AND
RESIDENTIAL WASTE:

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SEWAGE WASTE

 DEFINITION:
Sewage is a type of wastewater that is produced by a
community of people. It is characterized as “ sewerage”.

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Discuss method for solid waste

and sewage
 Presenter: Waseem Ur Rehman

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METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE AND
SEWAGE DISPOSABLE:

 These are some ways of solid disposable:

1) Dumping
2) Incineration
3) Recycling
4) Composting
5) Waste compaction
6) Disposable by ploughing into the fields.

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METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE

1. DUMPING OR DISPOSAL IN SEA

Wastes generally of radioactive nature are dumped in the oceans far from
active human habitats. However, environmentalists are challenging this
method, as such an action is believed to spell doom for aquatic life by
depriving the ocean waters of its inherent nutrients.

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METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE

2. INCINERATION
 Incineration is a disposal method that involves combustion
of waste material. Incineration and other high temperature waste
treatment systems are sometimes described as “thermal treatment".
Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash.
 Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and
on a large scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and
gaseous waste

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INCINERATION

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METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE

3. RECYCLING:
Recycling serves to transform the wastes into products of their
own genre through industrial processing. Paper, glass, aluminum,
and plastics are commonly recycled. It is environmentally friendly
to reuse the wastes instead of adding them to nature.
However, processing technologies are pretty expensive.

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METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE

4.COMPOSTING :
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed in a process
called composting. This process recycles various organic materials
otherwise regarded as waste products and produces a soil
conditioner. Compost is rich in nutrients.

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METHOD FOR SOLID USED

 All organic materials decompose with time. Food scraps, yard

waste, etc. make up one of the major wastes we throw every day.
Sometimes these are buried under beds of soil and left to decay
under the action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
This results in the formation of nutrient-rich manure. This process
is termed as composting. By composting, the nutrients are
replenished back to the soil. Composting also enriches the soil and
increases the water retention capacity. In agriculture, it is the best
alternative to chemical fertilizers.

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WASTE COLLECTION

5. WASTE COLLECTION:
Waste collection is a part of the process of waste management.
The waste materials such as cans and plastic bottles compact into
blocks and send for recycling. This process prevents the oxidation
of metals and reduces air space need, thus making transportation
and positioning easy.

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WASTE COLLECTION

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METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE

6. LANDFILLIG
 In this process, the waste that cannot be reused or recycled separated out and
spread as a thin layer in some low-lying areas across the city. A layer
of soil added after each layer of garbage. Once this process is complete, this
area declared unfit for building construction for the next 20 years and is only
used as a playground or a park.

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 Explain Types Of Latrines Used

In Communities.
 Presenter: Faizyab Khan

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LATRINE

 A latrine is a toilet or an even simpler facility which is used as a toilet

within a sanitation system.
 The word latrine is derived from latin word lavatrina meaning “bath”.

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IMPORTANCE OF LATRINE

 The importance of sanitation and toilets lies in helping reduce the

spread of diseases. ... The CDC states that hundreds of millions of
people do not have access to adequate clean drinking water and
that over one million deaths are a result of diseases transmitted via
unclean water, poor sanitation and lack of hygiene.

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TYPES OF LATRINE

 Bore hole latrine

 Pit latrine
 Deep trench latrine
 Shell trench latrine
 Septic tank latrine
 The commode

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BOREHOLE LATRINE

 A circular hole 14 to 16 (inches) in diameter and 10 to 20 feet deep.

 The borehole latrine is an (emergency) excreta disposal system where
a borehole is combined with a slab and a superstructure.
A bored-hole latrine is a hole drilled in the ground to receive and store bodily
wastes.
 The relatively small diameter permits a simpler, smaller, lighter and cheaper
floor slab and foundation, but limits the storage capacity.
 It is mainly used in emergency situations

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF BOREHOLE LATRINE

 It is low cost and suitable for rural areas .

 It does not require skilled labour for construction.
 There is no danger of water pollution and bad smell.
 It pollutes sub-soil water .
 The pit is dark and unsuitable for fly breeding.

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PIT LATRINE :

 A pit latrine, also known as pit toilet or long drop, is a type

of toiletthat collects human feces in a hole in the ground. Urine
and feces enter the pit through a drop hole in the floor, which
might be connected to a toilet seat or squatting pan for user
comfort

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Advantages and disadvantages pit
latrine

 The major advantage of pit latrines is that faeces can be used to

produce useful biomass

 The main disadvantage is that they are often polluting

groundwater if they are not placed carefully.

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 Types of latrines used in

communities (Conti..)
 Presenter: Imad Ud Din

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DEEP TRENCH LATRINE

 It is about 6-8 feet deep and 30 to 35 inches wide people use it by

squatting on either sides or have seats put up with partition and
screen for privacy .
 It should be separate for male and female , with the length
depending upon the number of users.
 They are use in fair , and rural areas as well as during earthquakes
and food .

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF DEEP TRENCH LATRINE

 Cheap; quick to construct

 No water needed for operation
 Unsuitable where water- table is high
 Soil is too unstable to dig or ground is very rocky
 odour problems; cleaning and maintenance of communal trench
latrines are often poorly carried out by users.

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COMMODE

 Some people use commode as a for toilet.

 In early 18th-century France, the word commode meant a “chest
of drawers or a cabinet” for storing personal items.
 The word commode derives from the French word for
"convenient" or "suitable.“

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ADVANTAGES OF COMMODE

 The work of the caregiver also becomes more secure.

 A commode chair helps to reduce the risk of injury by minimizing
travel, especially at night between the bed and the toilet.

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CONT……

 One advantage of squat toilets is that they are very easy

to clean.
 They are also cheaper to make.
 They consume less water per flush.
 The lack of direct contact with the seat, some people
claim that they are more hygienic.

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 IdentifyFecal Borne Disease.

 Presenter: Abdul Wali

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FECAL BORNE DISEASES:

 Fecal oral transmission of organism causing disease occurs mostly

through fecal contamination of food, water, and hands which is not
all apparent.

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CAUSATIVE AGENT OF FEACAL
BORNE DISEASE

 Ascaris lumbricoides

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TRANSMISSION AND LIFE CYCLE OF
ASCARIS LUMBRICOID

 Infective eggs ingested from

 contaiminated hands.
 Migrate through liver and lungs.
 Pass up trachea and swallowed.
 Become mature worm in the
 small intestine.
 Eggs produced and passed in feces.

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TRANSMISSION

 The process of transmission have multiple steps. Some examples of routes of fecal–oral
transmission include:
 Water that has come in contact with feces (for example “due to groundwater pollution
from pit latrines and is then not treated properly before drinking”.
 By shaking someone's hand that has been contaminated by stool, changing a child's
diapers, working in the garden or dealing with livestock or house pets.
 food that has been prepared in the presence of fecal matter;
 Disease vectors, like houseflies spreading contamination from inadequate fecal disposal
such as open defecation poor or absent hand washing after using the toilet or handling
feces .

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 Explore control of fecal

borne disease.
 Presenter: Ayman Hussain

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PREVENTION:

 Frequent hand cleansing , especially

with instant hand sanitizers , is the most
significant step to help prevent fecal–oral
transmission. Hand cleansing is most
important after toileting or diapering and
before eating.
 Safe and careful food-handling practices
are also vital.

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PREVENTION:

 Using disposable towels and cups reduces the risk for infection. Cleaning
or disinfecting commonly touched, infected surfaces (doorknobs, faucet
handles, shared toys, sleep mats) can also help.
 safe preparation and serving of food; thorough cleaning of all cooking,
drinking and eating utensils, and containers for drinking and storing
water; safe disposal of faeces and other wastes, use of latrines, and
protection of water sources from contamination (e.g. by avoiding open
defecation in fields); and control of flies.

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PREVENTION:

 Other protective measures include exclusive breastfeeding for all infants

until the age of six months, feeding children adequate nourishing food to
prevent malnutrition and immunization against vaccine-preventable
diseases.
 Germs can live on surfaces. Cleaning with soap and water is usually
enough. However, you should disinfect your bathroom and kitchen
regularly. Disinfect other areas if someone in the house is ill.

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FIVE ‘F’:

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Discuss Types Of Rodents

Presenter: AZAM TARIQ

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TYPES OF RODENTS:

1. Hamsters
2. Rat and mice
3. Gerbils
4. Guinea pigs
5. Chin chills
6. Exotic rodents

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HAMSTERS:

 The most common pet hamsters is the syrian

hamsters , which is about 6 inches long. Syrians
live 2 to 3 years , while dwarf hamster hamsters
such as siberian , roborovsky’s and chinese are
smaller , living only 1 to 2 years . Hamsters are
nocturnal and may be quite noisy at night . Since
hamster sleep during the day , they might nip
when awaked during day .

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RATS AND MICE:

 Rats and mice are in the same rodents family ,

muridae . Mice typically live 18 to 24 months,
while rat live a bit longer , up to 36 months . Proper
nutrition will increase the life span of rats and mice
as they are prone to obesity . Mice are slightly more
nervous than rats . Though both can be enjoyable
pets .rats rarely bite and may bond closely to the
owner .

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GERBILS :

 The typical pet gerbil from Mongolia . These very

busy little rodents grow to about 4 inches, with
the tail with same length. They enjoy the
company of other gerbils, so it’s good idea to
purchase them in pairs or groups. Gerbils love to
play in their cage during the day and seldom bite
when handled. These pets are recommended for
old children who know how to handle small
rodents.

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GUINEA PIGS:

 Guinea pigs are the largest common

rodents as pets. They are social and
do well in same-sex pairs . These
rodents are god pets for all ages of
children and can be easily handled due
to their bigger size . They live 5 to 10
years and can be quite vocal . Guinea
pigs need larger cages then other
rodents with a minimum of four
square feet per animal .

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CHINCHILLAS:

 Chinchillas are very acrobatic animal.

Most active occur at night they should
have a large cage with 4 by 4 by 3 feet
of space these soft little rodents will
also need to have dust bath with 2 to 4
inches of commercial chinchilla dust.
they rarely bite.

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EXOTIOC RODENTS:

 Exotic rodents look like

a large gerbils and need
branches or rock for
climbing . Other exotic
rodents include prairie
dogs, flying squirrels ,
spiny mice and capy
barra . A cappy barra
can grow as big as large
dog.
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Disease Transmission By Rodents.

 Presenter: Ihsan Ullah

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HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY
SYNDROME
Rodent involved :
 Deer mouse , Cotton rat , Rice rat , White-footed mouse .
Agent :
 Virus
Where the disease occurs :
 Throughout most of North and South America.
How the disease spreads :
 Breathing in dust that is contaminated with rodent urine or droppings.
 Direct contact with rodents or their urine and dropping. 05/26/2024
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PLAGUE :

Rodent involved
 Wild rodents, including rock squirrels, prarie dogs, wood rats, fox squirrel.
Agent
 Bacteria
Where the disease occurs
 Western US, South America, Africa, Asia
How the disease spreads
 Bite of an infected rodents.
 Direct contact with infected animals.
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RAT-BITE FEVER :

Rodent involved
 Rats and possibly mice
Agent
 Bacteria
Where the disease occurs
 Worldwide in North America , Europe , Asia and Africa.
How the disease spreads
 Bite or scratch wound from an infected rodent, or contact with a dead rodent
 Eating or drinking food or water that is contaminated by rat feces.
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 Disease Transmission By Rodents

(Conti..)
 Presenter: Muhammad Irfan

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OMSK HEMORRHAGIC FEVER:

Rodent involved
 Muskrats and possibly narrow-skulled voles
Agent
 Virus
Where the disease occurs
 Western Siberia
How the disease spreads
 Direct contact with infected animal
 Bite from an infected tick 05/26/2024
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SALMONELLOSIS

Rodent involved
 Rats and mice
Agent
 Bacteria
Where the disease occurs
 Worldwide
How the disease spreads
 Eating or drinking food or water that is contaminated by rat feces
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TULAREMIA

Rodent involved :
 Wild rodents, including muskrats
Agent:
 Bacteria
Where the disease occurs :
 Worldwide

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 TULAREMIA

How the disease spreads :

 Handling infected animal carcasses
 Being bitten by an infected tick, deerfly or other insect
 Eating or drinking contaminated food or water
 Breathing in the bacteria, F. tularemia.
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 Control Of Rodents.
 Presenter: Sajjal Javid

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HOW TO CONTROL RODENTS :

 Regularly clean all garbage and recycling bins.

 Do not leave pet food or water out overnight
 Repair leaky pipes .
 Seal entry points around cabinets , interior walls , attic and crawl
spaces .

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CONTI..

 All Avoid having a bird feeder since it provides a source of food

for rodents .
 food items kept in containers such as cereals , chips , crackers etc
 Remove tree limbs within 3 feet of a structure or roof .
 Maintain stove tops clean and free of food scraps .
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REFERENCES:

 https://www.google.com/search?q=sewage+definition
 https://www.google.com/search=methods+of+refuse+disposal.
IMAGES:
 Retrieved from Google.

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