EE6332 Class3
EE6332 Class3
EE6332 Class3
Wireless Communication
Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Class 3
d
2
d
Pr (d ) Pr (d 0 ) 0 PL(d ) [ Pr (d )]dB PL(d 0 ) 2
d d 0 dB
Log-distance generalizes path loss to account for other
environmental factors d
PL(d ) PL(d 0 )
– Choose a d0 in the far field.
d 0 dB
– Measure PL(d0) or calculate Free Space Path Loss.
– Take measurements and derive empirically.
Typical large-scale path loss
Log-Normal Shadowing Model
Shadowing occurs when objects block LOS between transmitter
and receiver
A simple statistical model can account for unpredictable
“shadowing”
– PL(d)(dB)=PL(d)+X0,
– Add a 0-mean Gaussian RV to Log-Distance PL
– Variance is usually from 3 to 12.
– Reason for Gaussian
Measured large-scale path loss
Determine n and by mean and variance
Small-Scale Fading
Rapid fluctuations of radio signal amplitude, phase, or delays
Occurs or short time period or short travel distance
Large-scale path loss effects can be ignored
Caused by arrival of two or more waves from the source
combining at the receiver
Resultant detected signal varies widely in amplitudes and phase
Bandwidth of transmitted signal is important factor
Experimental record of received signal
envelope in an urban area
Multipathradio propagation in urban areas
Determining the impulse response of a channel
Transmit a narrowband pulse into the channel
f1
Receiver
f2
TC TC 1
fm
f2
f1
t1 t=t2 - t1 t2
Coherence Time
0.423
Coherence time is also defined as: TC 9
16f m2
fm
Coherence time definition implies that two signals arriving with
a time separation greater than TC are affected differently by the
channel.
Coherence time Tc is the time domain dual of Doppler spread
and is used to characterize the time varying nature of the
frequency dispersive-ness of the channel in the time domain.
If the coherence time is defined as the time over which the time
correlation function is above 0.5, then the coherence time is
approximately, T 9 where f m v
c
16f m
Types of Small-scale Fading
Small-scale Fading
(Based on Multipath Tİme Delay Spread)
Small-scale Fading
(Based on Doppler Spread)
Slow Fading
Fast Fading
1. Low Doppler Spread
1. High Doppler Spread
2. Coherence Time > Symbol Period
2. Coherence Time < Symbol Period
3. Channel variations smaller than baseband
3. Channel variations faster than baseband
signal variations
signal variations
Flat Fading
Occurs when symbol period of the transmitted signal is much larger than the
Delay Spread of the channel
– Bandwidth of the applied signal is narrow.
– If Bs Bc , and Ts Flat fading
May cause deep fades.
– require 20 or 30 dB more power to achieve low BER during times of
deep fades.
– Increase the transmit power to combat this situation.
The spectral characteristics of the transmitted signals are preserved at the
receiver, however the strength of the received signal changes with time.
Flat fading channels are known as amplitude varying channels or narrow-
band channels.
Radio channel has a constant gain and linear phase response over a
bandwidth which is greater than the bandwidth of the transmitted signal.
It is the most common type of fading described in the technical literature.
Flat Fading
s(t) r(t)
h(t,
TS
0 TS 0 0 TS+
s(t) r(t)
h(t,
TS
0 TS 0 0 TS TS+
Flat Fast
Flat Slow
Fading
Fading
Symbol Period of
Transmitting Signal
TC
TS
Transmitted Symbol Period
Different Types of Fading
With Respect To BASEBAND SIGNAL BANDWIDTH
BS
Frequency Selective Frequency Selective
Fast Fading Slow Fading
Transmitted
Baseband BC
Signal Bandwidth
BD
BS
Transmitted Baseband Signal Bandwidth