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    Ionic Equation

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    IONIC EQUATION

    Rules for Writing Ionic Equations


    1. Strong electrolytes are written in their ionic form.
    2. Weak electrolytes are written in their molecular form
    3. Nonelectrolytes are written in their molecular form
    4. Insoluble substances, precipitates, and gases are written in their
    molecular form
    5. The net ionic equation should include only those substances that
    have undergone a chemical change
    6. Equations must be balanced, both in atoms and in electrical charge.
    H2SO4
    H2SO3
    HNO3
    HNO2
    H2CO3
    H3PO4
    Ionic Equations for Neutralization

    STEP 1: Write the chemical equation


    HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ⟶ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

    STEP 2: Rewrite by separating the soluble ionic compounds into their dissociated
    ions
    H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + Na(aq) + OH–(aq) ⟶ Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + H2O(l)
    Note that water is not separated because it is not an ionic compound. As a simple molecule, the
    atoms do not separate and remain bonded as a discrete molecule of H2O.

    STEP 3: Cancel out common ions, which are the spectator ions
    H+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) ⟶ Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + H2O(l)
    Sodium and chloride ions remain dissolved in the solution. They are the spectator ions, that
    watch and do not undergo the chemical reaction themselves.

    STEP 4: Write the net ionic equation for neutralization


    H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ⟶ H O(l)
    Ionic Equations for Precipitation
    STEP 1: Write the chemical equation
    AgNO3(aq) + NaI(aq) ⟶ AgI(s) + NaNO3(aq)
    As silver iodide is insoluble, it precipitates as a solid. Therefore, its state symbol is
    (s) instead of (aq).
    STEP 2: Rewrite by separating the soluble ionic compounds into their dissociated ions
    Ag+(aq) + NO3–(aq) + Na(aq) + I–(aq) ⟶ AgI(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
    Note that AgI is not separated because it is an insoluble ionic compound.
    STEP 3: Cancel out common ions, which are the spectator ions
    Ag+(aq) + NO3–(aq) + Na(aq) + I–(aq) ⟶ AgI(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3–(aq)
    Sodium and nitrate ions remain dissolved in the solution. They are the spectator
    ions, that watch and do not undergo the chemical reaction themselves.
    STEP 4: Write the net ionic equation for precipitation
    Ag+(aq) + I–(aq) ⟶ AgI(s)
    Do check your answer to see if:
    • The equation is balanced, whereby the number of atoms of
    each element remains the same before and after the
    reaction
    • The charges are balanced, whereby the total charge on the
    left is equal to the total charge on the right
    • State symbols are included
    • Spectator ions are cancelled out
    Write ionic equations, including state symbols, for the following:

    1. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → BaCO3(s) + 2KNO3(aq)


    2. Pb(NO3)2 ( aq)+ CaCl2 (aq)→ PbCl2(s) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)
    3. MgCl2(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → Mg(OH)2(s) + 2KCl(aq)
    4. CaBr2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → CaSO4(s) + 2NaBr(aq)
    Chemical Equation:
    Ba(NO3)2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) → BaCO3(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

    Total Ionic Equation:


    Ba2+(aq) + 2(NO3-)(aq) + 2K+(aq) + CO32- BaCO3(s) +
    2K+(aq) + 2(NO3-)(aq)
    *both 2(NO3-)(aq) and 2K+ are spectator ions and must be removed
    from the equation.
    Net Ionic Equation:
    Ba2+(aq) + CO32- BaCO3(s)
    Write ionic equations for the following:
    1. HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
    2. HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l)
    3. H2SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq) →MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
    4. NH4OH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)
    5. H2CO3(aq) + 2NH3(aq) → (NH4)2CO3(aq)
    6. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2LiCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2LiNO3(aq)
    7. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + MgSO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
    8. AgNO3(aq) + NaBr(aq) → AgBr(s) + NaNO3(aq)
    9. 2AgNO3(aq) + MgI2(aq) → 2AgI(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
    10. CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)
    1. HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
    Total Ionic Equation:
    H+ + NO3- + Na+ + OH- → Na+ + NO3- + H2O(l)
    Net Ionic Equation:
    H+ + OH- → H2O(l)

    2. HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) → KCl(aq) + H2O(l)


    Total Ionic Equation:
    H+ + Cl- + K+ + OH- → K+ + Cl- + H2O(l)
    Net Ionic Equation:
    H+ + OH- → H2O(l)
    3. H2SO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(aq) →MgSO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
    Total Ionic Equation:
    2H2+ + SO42- + Mg2+ + 2OH- → Mg2+ + SO42- + 2H2O(l)
    Net Ionic Equation
    2H2+ + 2OH- → 2H2O(l)

    4. NH4OH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)


    Total Ionic Equation:
    NH4+ + OH- + H+ + Cl- → NH4+ + Cl- + H2O(l)
    Net Ionic Equation:
    H+ + OH- → H2O(l)
    5. H2CO3(aq) + 2NH3(g} → (NH4)2CO3(aq)
    Total Ionic Equation
    2H+ + CO32- + 2NH3(g) + → 2NH4+ + CO32-
    Net Ionic Equation
    2H+ + 2NH3(g) → 2NH4+

    6. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2LiCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2LiNO3(aq)


    Total Ionic Equation
    Pb2+ + 2NO3- + 2Li+ + 2Cl- → PbCl2 + 2Li+ + 2NO3-
    Net Ionic Equation
    Pb2+ + 2Cl- → PbCl2 (s)
    7. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + MgSO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
    Total Ionic Equation
    Ba2+ + 2NO3- + Mg2+ + SO42- → BaSO4(s) + Mg2+ + 2NO3-
    Net Ionic Equation
    Ba2+ + SO42- → BaSO4(s)

    8. AgNO3(aq) + NaBr(aq) → AgBr(s) + NaNO3(aq)


    Total Ionic Equation
    Ag+ + NO3- + Na+ + Br- → AgBr(s) + Na+ + NO3-
    Net Ionic Equation
    Ag+ + Br- → AgBr(s)
    9. 2AgNO3(aq) + MgI2(aq) → 2AgI(s) + Mg(NO3)2(aq)
    Total Ionic Equation
    2Ag+ + 2NO3- + Mg2+ + 2I- → 2AgI(s) + Mg2+ + 2NO3-
    Net Ionic Equation
    2Ag+ + 2I- → 2AgI(s)

    10. CuSO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + Na2SO4(aq)


    Total Ionic Equation
    Cu2+ + SO42- + 2Na+ + 2OH- → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2Na++ SO42-
    Net Ionic Equation
    Cu2+ + 2OH- → Cu(OH)2(s)

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