Advanced Optics Internship: Optical Networks Brand Management
Advanced Optics Internship: Optical Networks Brand Management
Advanced Optics Internship: Optical Networks Brand Management
l3
l1
W
l1
optical amplifier
l2
W
l1
l4
l1
l2 l4
E
l3
D
All-Optical Network
Key Components:
Multi-wavelength OLAs WDM Mux-Demux Filters DWDM Sources Optical X-Connects / Wavelength Routers Dispersion Compensators OAM&P
Bandwidth Drivers
SERVICE EXPLOSION
Virtual Services MultiMedia Multimedia HDTV ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN
BANDWIDTH
HDTV ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN ATM Tele Shop. B-ISDN Virtual Stds ISDN
Packet Switch Packet Switch Packet Switch Packet Switch Packet Switch
Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph Digital Data TV Data Telephony Telex Telegraph
1990 1995 2000 Bandwidth Growth of 100 to 200 Times Over Next Four Years
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
1996
1533nm
1996
l5- l8
l1- l4
Line/Post Amplifier
High Performance Tx
1st integrated OC-48 transmitter and power amplifier 1533 & 1557nm for WDM operation Set standard for 2-l operation Over 150km reach Over 1600 units deployed
Bi-Directional OLA
Uni-directional line
amplifier
1530-1560nm
operation
Worldcom LA to Las
Vegas route
Up to 450km reach
between terminals
NEC
Pirelli Ciena
4%
9% 14%
NORTEL 37%
SONET/SDH Total
#3 in 1995 #2 in 1996 #1 in 1997-99
Lucent 29%
DWDM Total
#3 in 1997 #1 in 1998-99
Alcatel 6%
NORTEL 41%
Source: RHK
Attenuation
Chromatic dispersion Dispersion Management
Tx
optical fibre
Rx
A light sensitive component (photo diode) reconstitutes the electrical signal Digital electrical signal received
Lig ht
Lig ht
Lig ht
Lig ht
Cladding:
Low index of refraction Guides light OD 125 microns
Coating
Core Cladding
Coating
Protects core and cladding Dual Acrylic Coating, Polyamide, Nylon, Hytrel OD 250 microns
Propagation of Light
High/Low index boundary results in total internal reflection Acceptance angle: Only rays entering at <= qa will travel a significant distance
Attenuation
optical fiber
Tx
Rx
ATTENUATION
The power of an optical signal is reduced or attenuated as it travels down the fiber. Attenuation is intrinsic to all optical components including; fiber: material scattering and bend loss connectors: gaps, misalignment splices: misalignment
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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850nm
1.8 dB/km Attenuation
800nm
1000nm
1200nm
1400nm
1600nm
Wavelength (nm)
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Chromatic Dispersion
optical fiber
Tx
Rx
T1
T2
T1
T2
The Power of the Optical Signal is spread over a range of wavelengths around the nominal, and is referred to as Chirp
Optical bandwidth
Information Envelope
The propagation velocity varies for different wavelengths resulting is pulse spreading
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Effects of Dispersion
Ideal Input Signal
Actual Signal
1 0 BitError
1 0 BitError
Dispersion results in Inter Symbol Interference which makes it difficult for the receivers decision circuit to distinguish the correct bit pattern
Dispersion has more impact on higher rate signals due to the shorter pulse period
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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NZ-DSF
Lucent TrueWave TM Corning LEAF
TM
NZ-DSF
Corning SMF-LS
TM
ps km-1 nm-1
0
1310 1530 1550 1560
l0
Wavelength
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15
Direct Modulation
At 1310 nm Loss limited at 1550nm Dispersion Limited
LASER
OPTICAL OUTPUT
DRIVE WAVEFORM
DC BIAS
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External Modulation
External Modulator acts as a high speed shutter in front of the laser Produces a very clean (chirp free) optical pulse (compared to directly modulated
lasers)
OPTICAL OUTPUT
DC BIAS
DRIVE WAVEFORM
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Practical Options:
Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF) Chirped Fiber Gratings
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DCM
DCF has negative dispersion i.e. it compresses the optical pulse counters the broadening of the optical pulse due to positive dispersion in the fiber
Characteristics
is broad band and bit-rate independent can be easily packaged and installed has relatively high loss
can be compensated for with EDFAs
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Chromatic dispersion can be managed cost effectively All three mechanisms may be employed to maximize system performance
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Optical Amplification
Tx1 Tx2 Rx1
..
OFA
Amplifier Transmitter
OFA
Amplifier
Rx2
..
TxN
RxN
Receiver
PT Signal Power PR
Compensate for fiber attenuation Boosts the power of the optical signals across a range of wavelengths All optical process, no Optical/Electrical/Optical conversion
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SPLITTER
ISOLATOR
SPLITTER
POWER CONTROL
PUMP LASER
PHOTODETECTOR
Pump laser usually operate at 980nm but can operate at other wavelengths
such as 1480 nm
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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I 13/2
Pump Absorption
I 15/2
Erbium is a rare earth atom that is introduced into the core (doping) during the fiber fabrication The pump laser energizes the electrons in the Erbium, elevating them into a higher energy state The weak signal photons dislodge these energized electrons A new photon is emitted when the electron moves from the higher energy state to a lower energy state
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Stimulated Emission
Some ions decay spontaneously producing noise: ASE Other ions interact with signal photons and emit a second photon identical to the signal : GAIN
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35
Bo
30
25
Gain dB
20
15
PASE
10
Blue Band
1530 1535 1540 1545 1550 1555
Red Band
1560 1565 1570
0 1525
Wavelength nm
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80 - 140 km
Post Amplifiers: Located at the transmitter Boost the optical signal prior to launching into the system fiber Enables reaches of up to 130-160km between terminals.
Line Amplifiers: Located at a regenerator site Amplify the optical signal as it traverses the link to the receiver Assuming dispersion is not limiting, link loss can be increased by using line amps
Pre Amplifiers: Located at the receive end of the system Provides large optical gain to the incoming signal prior to detection
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Line Amplifier
Power/ Pre-Amp
Power/ Pre-Amp
- Ease of line provisioning and in-service monitoring - 16 l ready - Optical Service Channel for remote telemetry and software download. - Fully integrated with the S/DMS TransportNode Product Family
Link performances fully guaranteed on OC-48 and OC-192 Integrated with the S/DMS TransportNode OPC, Network Manager and INA Architectures Reflectometer Tool Analog Maintenance
WDM Coupler
16-l
SONET Traffic
EDFA
SONET Traffic
EDFA
Reflectometer Tool
Provides DCC access at remote sites 4.86Mb/s channel for orderwire & DS-1 Dual 1510nm/1625nm channels 34dB optical span budget
Optical analog maintenance Channel ID for each wavelength Optical SNR monitoring per channel Reflectometer tool detects link reflections
OPTera 1600G
C band L band
O S C 1
O S C 2
They require pump light at shorter wavelength, commonly 980 nm They typically produce signal output powers of 10 - 15 dBm but can
produce much more
They can be used to boost the power in optical transmitters They can be used in-line over many thousands of km They can be used as pre-amplifiers before the optical receiver They are of simple construction (high Reliability WRT 3R) They can not amplify in the 1310 nm band Gain is not constant over the gain spectrum
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Tx
T
Data Channel (Bit Rate = 4 X)
Rx
X
Tx
X
Rx
optical fiber
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Pack more bits in a given time slot T Traditional method for increasing capacity
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What is WDM?
Data Channel #1
Optical Fiber
Data Channel #2
Data Channel #3
Data Channel #4
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Why WDM?
Bandwidth growth using existing electronics Bit rate insensitive:
Permits future TDM upgrades to maximize fiber capacity
All-optical technology
Precursor to all-optical networking
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Optical Couplers
Multiplex and demultiplex optical channels into and out of a single fiber Passive filters; one port for each WDM channel & common port to fiber plant Monitoring taps, Variable Optical Attenuators for received power adjustment & expansion ports for upgrades may be included
Wavelength multiplexer l1 l2
Tx1 Tx2 Tx3 Tx4 Tx5
l1 + l2
Uni-directional
.. ..
.. ..
..
TxN
l1,l2 ...lN
..
RxN
RxN
l1,l2 ...lN
TxN
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Uni-Directional WDM
Transmit/receive over 2 fibers Four fibers for 1+1 / 4-fiber ring
...
l1 ....
Working Fibre
l1 ....
l1 l8 l1 l8
Working Fibers
l1 l8 l1 l8
...
...
l8
l1 .... Protect Fiber
l8
l1 ....
...
Protect Fibers
l8
l8
Equivalent long term capacity Minimize fiber usage in initial deployment Leverage future technologies
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Intermediate Site
Rx1 Tx1 Rx2 Tx2
Terminal B
Rx1 Rx2
..
..
..
TxN
RxN TxN
..
RxN
Rx1
Rx2
Tx1 Rx1
Tx2 Rx2
Tx1
Tx2
..
..
..
RxN
TxN RxN
..
TxN
All wavelengths must be demultiplexed, amplified, & re-multiplexed. N repeaters required at each intermediate site (N = # of wavelengths) Makes deployment of dense-WDM systems > 2-4 wavelengths too costly for practical applications
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Intermediate Site
Intermediate Site
Terminal B
Rx1
..
OFA
OFA
Rx2 RxN
..
Rx1
Rx2
Tx1
..
OFA
OFA
Tx2
..
RxN
TxN
Amplifies several wavelengths in parallel Provides enabling technology for dense-WDM Bit rate insensitivity permits TDM upgrades High gain increases system reach All-optical operation increases reliability
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Translator
Combiner
l1
Translator
Combiner
l32
Open and integrated Optical Interfaces at 2.5 and 10Gbps Introduction of Optical Transport Platform Dense-WDM: 320Gb/s capacity with 32-l OC-192 Optical Amplifiers: bi-directional multi-wavelength operation Integrated Network Management: SONET & optical layer OAM&P Standards Compliance: ITU wavelengths for DWDM END-TO-END performance guarantees & network management
Advanced Optics Internship - Optical Networks Brand Management
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Fixed l-ADM
OC-192 ADM
OC-192 D-WDM
Local
Local Channel
Local
Applications:
Express & collector traffic carried over same D-WDM network
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Express
OC-192 D-WDM
Express Channels
OC-192 D-WDM
Why Dense-WDM?
Advantages: High channel counts permit significant capacity increase
Up to 1.6 Tb/s provided by 160-l of OC-192
Long-range applications possible using optical amplifiers Optical Amplification cost sharing across many channels Incremental capacity growth as required by service demands Bit rate & modulation format insensitive: allows parallel transport
Permits future TDM upgrades to maximize capacity SONET (ie: OC-48, OC-192) and Asynchronous systems (ie: 565Mb/s) Data: Fast Ethernet, FDDI, ESCON, Fiber Channel
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