CN Unit-1 Part 2

PHYSICAL LAYER
Presented by
p. Anusha,
Asst Prof, CSE(AIML)
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 The lowest layer in our protocol model, the physical layer. Defines the
electrical, timing and other interfaces by which bits are sent as signals over
channels.
 Transmission Media can be defined as a means to setup a communication
pathway in order to convey the information between the sender and receiver in
the form of electromagnetic signal waves.
 It is operated using various physical elements, and so it is placed underneath
the physical layer while being worked on by the physical elements from the
physical layer.
Guided Media Transmission
 Is a type of transmission media that can be otherwise known as wired
transmission. It is also termed as Bounded transmission media, as it is
bound to a specific limit in the communication network.
 Here the transmission signals properties are restricted and focused in a fixed
constricted channel, which can be implemented with the help of bodily wired
contacts.
 Guided Media transmission includes:
• Twisted Pair Cables
• Coaxial Cables
• Fiber Optics
Twisted Pair Cables
 Twisted Pair Cables can be defined as a cable formed by twisting two
different shielded cables around each other to form a single cable.
 It consists of two conductors (normally copper), each with its own plastic
insulation, twisted together in a helical form just like a DNA molecule about
1mm thick.
 One of the wires is used to carry signals to the receiver, and the other is used
only as a ground reference.
Contd…
 Twisted pairs can be used for transmitting either analog or digital
information. Bandwidth depends on thickness of wire and distance travelled.
 Due to their adequate performance and low cost, its widely used and likely
to reman so for years.
 The most common application of twisted pair is Telephone System to
provide voice and data channels.
 Twisted pair cables are available in two different forms, where one is
Unshielded, and another is Shielded.
Coaxial Cables
 Coaxial cable carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted pair
cable.
 It is made of plastic layering on the outside and two conducting material placed
in parallel to one another while being wrapped in individual insulating layers
around them.
 It is used for transmitting data with dedicated cables or a single cable cracked
into different bandwidths, and they are termed referred to as Baseband mode and
Broadband mode, respectively.
Contd…
 A few of the advantageous qualities of this type of cable are
exceptional bandwidth range, simple installation or maintenance,
and not as expensive as other cable types.
 A well-known application of this type of cable is for providing
television network in the houses.
Fiber-Optic Cables
 Fiber-Optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits signals in the
form of light. Light travels in a straight line as long as it is moving through
a single uniform substance.
 If a ray of light traveling through one substance suddenly enters another
substance(of a different density), the ray changes direction.
 The reflection principles are used for light signal transmission through the
cables. It is known for letting bulky data to be transmitted with higher
bandwidth and lesser electromagnetic interferences during transmission.
Contd…
 Fiber-optic cable is often found in backbone networks because its wide bandwidth is
cost effective.
 Less signal attenuation. Fiber-optic transmission distance is significantly greater
than that of other guided media. A signal can run for 50 km without requiring
regeneration. We need repeaters every 5 km for coaxial or twisted pair cable
Unguided Media Transmission
 Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor. This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication to the nodes or servers in a network.
 The electromagnetic signal waves are transmitted in the air across a larger
geographical area, and so it is less secure than the guided media.
 Unguided Media transmission includes:
• Radio waves
• Micro waves
• Infrared
 Unguided signals can travel from the source to destination in several
ways: ground propagation, sky propagation, and line-of-sight
propagation.
 Signals are normally broadcast through free space and thus are
available to anyone who has a device capable of receiving them
Radio waves
 Radio waves are the simplest form of transmission signals, which doesn’t
involve any complicated steps to create and transmit.
 This signal generally ranges between 3 KHz and 1 GHz of frequency, and
the signal types can be of AM and FM signals.
 Radio waves are omni directional. Suitable for Multicasting.
 These Radio waves can be of Terrestrial or Satellite method of
communication.
 The main application of this transmission media is the cordless phones for
domestic or official usage and the radio devices used as an element in mass
media communication.
Micro waves
 Micro Waves are the type of transmission media that uses antennas as the
main element for sending and receiving the data.
 The area coverage provided by these signals directly related to the elevation
of the antenna placement.
 The signal range for this type of transmission is between 1 GHz and 300
GHz.
 Microwaves are unidirectional. Supports Unicasting.
 Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones,
satellite networks, and wireless LANs
Infrared
 Infrared is another way of transmitting the data inside a small area, which
cannot pass through the obstacles and doesn’t give in for interference.
 Infrared waves, with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz.
 A short range communication system in one room cannot be affected by
another system in the next room is major advantage.
 The main application of this transmission media can be used for wireless
peripheral devices like mouse, remotes, keyboards, printers, etc.

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PHYSICAL LAYER

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