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    Heart Lecture

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    Hamna

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    Heart Lecture

    Uploaded by

    Hamna
    6 views54 pages

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    7. Heart lecture

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    Copyright:

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    6 views54 pages

    Heart Lecture

    Uploaded by

    Hamna

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 54

    Cardiovascular

    anatomy
    DR ASMA SALEEM QAZI
    Heart anatomy
    Location

     Approximately the size of your fist


     Location
     Superior surface of diaphragm
     Left of the midline
     Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the
    sternum
    COVERING/ LAYERS

     Pericardium – a double-walled sac around the heart composed of:


    1. A superficial fibrous pericardium
    2. A deep two-layer serous pericardium
    a. The parietal layer lines the internal surface of the fibrous
    pericardium
    b. The visceral layer or epicardium lines the surface of the
    heart
     They are separated by the fluid-filled pericardial cavity
    COVEIRNGS/ LAYERS
    Heart wall

     Epicardium – visceral layer of the serous pericardium


     Myocardium – cardiac muscle layer forming the bulk of
    the heart
     Fibrous skeleton of the heart – crisscrossing, interlacing
    layer of connective tissue
     Endocardium – endothelial layer of the inner myocardial
    surface
    Cardiac Tissue Overview

     Outermost = Pericardium & Epicardium


     Pericardium is a membrane anchoring heart to diaphragm and sternum
     Pericardium secretes lubricant (serous fluid)
     Epicardium is outermost muscle tissue

     Middle = Myocardium
     Contains contractile muscle fibers

     Innermost = Endocardium
     Lines Cardiac Chambers
    Heart covering: Functions

     The Function of the Pericardium:


    Protects and anchors the heart
    Prevents overfilling of the heart with blood
    Allows for the heart to work in a relatively
    friction-free environment
    Cardiac Chambers

     Human heart has 4 chambers


     2 Atria
     Superior = primary receiving chambers, do not actually pump
     Blood flows into atria
     2 Ventricles
     Pump blood
     Contraction = blood sent out of heart + circulated

     Chambers are separated by septum…


     Due to separate chambers, heart functions as double pump
    External heart: Major vessels (anterior
    view)
     Vessels returning blood to the heart include:
    1. Superior and inferior venae cavae
    2. Right and left pulmonary veins
     Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include:
    1. Pulmonary trunk, which splits into right and left pulmonary
    arteries
    2. Ascending aorta (three branches) –
    a. Brachiocephalic
    b. Left common carotid
    c. Subclavian arteries
    Click icon to add picture

    Blood vessels /anterior view


    External heart: Major vessels (posterior
    view)
     Vessels returning blood to the heart include:
    1. Right and left pulmonary veins
    2. Superior and inferior venae cavae
     Vessels conveying blood away from the heart include:
    1. Aorta
    2. Right and left pulmonary arteries
    Heart vessels (posterior view)
    Vessels supply/ Drain blood in heart

    Anterior view Posterior view


     Arteries – right and left  Arteries – right coronary
    coronary (in atrioventricular artery (in atrioventricular
    groove), marginal, circumflex, groove) and the posterior
    and anterior interventricular interventricular artery (in
    arteries interventricular groove)
     Veins – small cardiac, anterior  Veins – great cardiac vein,
    cardiac, and great cardiac veins posterior vein to left ventricle,
    coronary sinus, and middle
    cardiac vein
    Pulmonary Circulation

     Pulmonary = Deoxygenated Blood


     Involves Right Side of Heart

     Pathway:
     Superior / Inferior Vena Cava
     Right Atrium  Tricuspid Valve
     Right Ventricle  Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
     Left Pulmonary Artery
     Lungs
    Pulmonary Circulation
    Systemic Circulation

     Systemic = Oxygenated Blood


     Involves Left Side of Heart

     Pathway:
     Left Pulmonary Vein
     Left Atrium  Bicuspid Valve
     Left Ventricle  Aortic Semilunar Valve
     Aorta
     All Other Tissues
    Systemic Circulation
    Blood pathway through heart and lungs

     Right atrium  tricuspid valve  right ventricle


     Rightventricle  pulmonary semilunar valve 
    pulmonary arteries  lungs
     Lungs  pulmonary veins  left atrium
     Left atrium  bicuspid valve  left ventricle
     Left ventricle  aortic semilunar valve  aorta
     Aorta  systemic circulation
    Cardiac Valves

     When the heart is relaxed…


     Blood passively fills atrium
     Flows right past tricuspid / bicuspid valves
     Semilunar Valves remain shut

     When the heart contracts (pumps)…


     Tricuspid / Bicuspid valves swing up and shut
     Blood ejected out of ventricle
     Semilunar Valves open up
    Atria of Heart

     Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart


     Each atrium has a protruding auricle
     Pectinate muscles mark atrial walls
     Blood enters right atria from superior and inferior venae cavae and
    coronary sinus
     Blood enters left atria from pulmonary veins
    Ventricle of the heart

     Ventricles are the discharging chambers of the heart


     Papillary muscles and trabeculae carneae muscles mark
    ventricular walls
     Right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
     Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta
    Thickness of cardiac wall
    Myocardium of left ventricle is much thicker than the right
    Gross anatomy of Heart
    Coronary Circulation …. Arterial Supply
    Coronary Circulation… Venous supply
    Anatomy of Heart Muscles

     Cardiac muscle is striated, short, fat, branched, and


    interconnected
     The connective tissue endomysium acts as both tendon and
    insertion
     Intercalateddiscs anchor cardiac cells together and allow
    free passage of ions
     Heart muscle behaves as a functional syncytium
    CUSPS
     The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps and is on the right
    side of the heart. It is between the right atrium and the right
    ventricle, and stops the backflow of blood between the two.
     The mitral valve is also called the bicuspid valve because it contains
    two leaflets or cusps. It is on the left side of the heart and allows
    the blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle.
     The aortic valve also has three cusps.
    The mitral and tricuspid valves open and the aortic and pulmonic
    valves shut while the ventricles fill with blood. In contrast,
    the mitral and tricuspid valves shut while the aortic and pulmonic
    valves open during ventricular contraction.
    Main arteries and veins of head and neck
    Carotid arteries
    The heart and lungs work together to make sure the
    body has the oxygen-rich blood it needs to function
    properly. The Pulmonary Loop The right side of the
    heart picks up the oxygen-poor blood from the body
    and moves it to the lungs for cleaning and re-
    oxygenating.

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