thermodynamics SYEDA BISMA

Concept of
Thermodynamics and its

laws
S U B M I T T E D T O : D R . R A H AT N A S E E R
SUBMITTED BY : SYEDA BISMA

Thermodynamics
 It is the study of energy, work, and heat.
– applied to chemical change

– applied to physical change
 It deals with the energy and its
Storage and Transformation.

Objective
Thermodynamics help us to understand:

 Relationship among various forms of energy.
 As the bonds are broken and new bonds are formed, energy is
required or released.
 measure the change in energy.
 To understand the biochemical process.

Bioenergetics
 Bioenergetics is the quantitate study of energy transductions in
living system.
 Biological Energy
transformation
obey the Laws of
Thermodynamics.
What is a system?
 An assemblage of matter which interacts with energy is called
system.
 System is separated
from its surrounding

by its boundary.
Classes of thermodynamic system
Based on the differences btw flow of energy and flow matter across
the system boundary thermodynamics represents three types of
systems:
 An open system (exchange matter and energy)
 A closed system (exchange only energy)
 An isolated system (neither exchange heat nor matter)

First law of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of

energy which states that:
 For any physical or chemical change the total amount of energy
in the universe remains constant. Energy may change form or it

mat be transported from one region to another but it cannot be
created nor destroyed.
 Total energy of a system including its surrounding remains
constant.
Free energy (ΔG) concept
 Free energy concept was proposed by Willard Gibbs in 1870.
 It explains the amount of free energy capable of doing work at
constant temperature and pressure.

 It is a thermodynamic quantity which can be used to determine if
a reaction is spontaneous or not.

Continue…
 If ΔG is negative reaction proceed spontaneously with loss of
free energy it is exergonic.

 If ΔG is positive reaction proceed only if free energy can be
gained it is endergonic.
 If ΔG is zero the system is at equilibrium.
Concept of Eternal energy (ΔU)
 Eternal energy is the point function and thermodynamic property
of system.
 Refers to the energy associated with the molecules.
Continue…
The change in internal energy is equal to difference of the heat transfer

into the system or work done by the system.
 The equation for the first law of thermodynamics is given as
ΔU = q + W
ΔU = Change in internal energy of the system.
q = sum of heat transfer b/w system and surrounding.
W = Work interaction of the system with its surroundings.
Continue….
Limitation of First Law
According to First law :

 Work is completely converted into heat and heat is completely
converted into work.

 Heat and work are mutually converted into each other.
 But from the experience it is not true!!

Second Law of Thermodynamics
 It is also called law of degradation of energy or law of entropy.
 This law was developed in 1850 by German Physicist Rudolph
Clausius.
This law states that:
 A system and its surrounding always proceed to a state of
maximum disorder or maximum entropy.

Continue…
 Living systems are ordered while the natural tendency of the
universe is to move towards system of disorder with unavailable

energy.
 Second law is an important indicator of the direction of the
reaction.
 All reactions proceed in a direction with increase in entropy and
decrease in free energy.

Concept of entropy (ΔS)
 It is a quantitative expression for the randomness or disorder in
the system.
 Second law implies that the entropy of the universe is increasing
because energy conversions are not 100% efficient. Some heat is

always released.
 It represents unavailable energy or system disorder.
high S=high degree of disorder

Concept of enthalpy(ΔH)
 It is the heat content of reacting system.
 It reflects no. and chemical bonds present in reactant and product.
 The change in enthalpy is given by:
ΔH=ΔU+P
Where: ΔU= Internal energy change
P= pressure
V= Volume
Continue….
 If a system releases heat is said to be exothermic reaction.
ΔH has negative value

 If a reacting system that take up heat from their surrounding are
said to be endothermic reaction.

ΔH has positive value
Biological favorable process
Under the conditions existing in biological system ΔG, ΔH and ΔS

are related by the following equations:
ΔG= ΔH-T ΔS
Where; T= Absolute temperature
 ΔG is always negative when ΔS increases and ΔH is negative
because heat is released from the system.
 Such process are energetically favorable and spontaneous .

Summary
 Thermodynamic laws describe the flow and interchanges of heat,
energy and matter.

 Almost all biochemical processes are as a result of
transformation of energy.
 These laws are important to understand metabolism and
bioenergetics.
 The energy exchanges btw system and surroundings balance each
other.

thermodynamics SYEDA BISMA

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Concept of

Thermodynamics and its

SUBMITTED BY : SYEDA BISMA

 It is the study of energy, work, and heat.

– applied to chemical change

Storage and Transformation.

Thermodynamics help us to understand:

 To understand the biochemical process.

 Bioenergetics is the quantitate study of energy transductions in

 An assemblage of matter which interacts with energy is called

from its surrounding

 A closed system (exchange only energy)

 An isolated system (neither exchange heat nor matter)

First law of thermodynamics is the principle of conservation of

in the universe remains constant. Energy may change form or it

 Free energy concept was proposed by Willard Gibbs in 1870.

 It explains the amount of free energy capable of doing work at

constant temperature and pressure.

a reaction is spontaneous or not.

 If ΔG is negative reaction proceed spontaneously with loss of

free energy it is exergonic.

 Eternal energy is the point function and thermodynamic property

The change in internal energy is equal to difference of the heat transfer

According to First law :

converted into work.

 But from the experience it is not true!!

 It is also called law of degradation of energy or law of entropy.

 This law was developed in 1850 by German Physicist Rudolph

maximum disorder or maximum entropy.

 Living systems are ordered while the natural tendency of the

universe is to move towards system of disorder with unavailable

decrease in free energy.

 It is a quantitative expression for the randomness or disorder in

because energy conversions are not 100% efficient. Some heat is

high S=high degree of disorder

 It is the heat content of reacting system.

 It reflects no. and chemical bonds present in reactant and product.

 The change in enthalpy is given by:

 If a system releases heat is said to be exothermic reaction.

ΔH has negative value

said to be endothermic reaction.

Under the conditions existing in biological system ΔG, ΔH and ΔS

because heat is released from the system.

 Such process are energetically favorable and spontaneous .

 Thermodynamic laws describe the flow and interchanges of heat,

energy and matter.

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