DATA AND DATABASES

1.WHAT IS DATA
2.TYPES OF DATA
3.WHAT ARE DATABASES
 WHAT IS DATA
In computing, data is information that has been
translated into a form that is efficient for
movement or processing.
In terms of ICT, data is simply any numbers,
letters or symbols that can be entered into a
computer system.
Data is a collection of discrete values that convey
information, describing quantity, quality, fact,
statistics
Data can be defined as a representation of
facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized
manner, which should be suitable for
communication, interpretation, or processing
by human or electronic machine.
Data is represented with the help of
characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits
(0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)
 The data is classified into four categories:

1) Nominal data
2) Ordinal data
3) Discrete data
4) Continuous data
 Databases
A database is an organized collection of
structured information, or data, typically stored
electronically in a computer system.
A database is usually controlled by a database
management system (DBMS).
Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the
applications that are associated with them, are
referred to as a database system, often
shortened to just database.
 A database typically requires a comprehensive
database software program known as a
database management system (DBMS).
 A DBMS serves as an interface between the
database and its end users or programs,
allowing users to retrieve, update, and manage
how the information is organized and
optimized.
 A DBMS also facilitates oversight and control
of databases, enabling a variety of
administrative operations such as performance
monitoring, tuning, and backup and recovery.
Small databases can be stored on a file system,
while large databases are hosted on computer
clusters or cloud storage.
Data within the most common types of
databases in operation today is typically
modeled in rows and columns in a series of
tables to make processing and data querying
efficient.
The data can then be easily accessed, managed,
modified, updated, controlled, and organized.
Most databases use structured query language
(SQL) for writing and querying data.
SQL is a programming language used by nearly
all relational databases to query, manipulate,
and define data, and to provide access control.
 Types of databases
There are many different types of databases.
The best database for a specific organization
depends on how the organization intends to use
the data.
Relational databases
Relational databases became dominant in the
1980s. Items in a relational database are
organized as a set of tables with columns and
rows. Relational database technology provides
the most efficient and flexible way to access
structured information.
Object-oriented databases
• Information in an object-oriented database is
represented in the form of objects, as in
object-oriented programming.
Distributed databases
• A distributed database consists of two or more
files located in different sites. The database
may be stored on multiple computers, located
in the same physical location, or scattered
over different networks.
NoSQL databases
 A NoSQL, or non-relational database, allows
unstructured and semi-structured data to be
stored and manipulated (in contrast to a
relational database, which defines how all
data inserted into the database must be
composed).
 NoSQL databases grew popular as web
applications became more common and more
complex.
Graph databases
A graph database stores data in terms of entities
and the relationships between entities.
OLTP databases. An OLTP database is a
speedy, analytic database designed for large
numbers of transactions performed by
multiple users
Open source databases
An open source database system is one whose
source code is open source; such databases
could be SQL or NoSQL databases.
Cloud databases
 A cloud database is a collection of data, either
structured or unstructured, that resides on a
private, public, or hybrid cloud computing
platform.
 There are two types of cloud database
models: traditional and database as a service
(DBaaS). With DBaaS, administrative tasks and
maintenance are performed by a service
provider.
Multimodel database
 Multimodel databases combine different types
of database models into a single, integrated
back end. This means they can accommodate
various data types.
Document/JSON database
 Designed for storing, retrieving, and managing
document-oriented information, document
databases are a modern way to store data in
JSON format rather than rows and columns.
 Databases challenges
 Absorbing significant increases in data
volume.
 Ensuring data security.
 Keeping up with demand.
 Managing and maintaining the database and
infrastructure
 Removing limits on scalability
 Ensuring data residency, data sovereignty, or
latency requirements.
Self-driving databases
The newest and most ground-breaking type of
database, self-driving databases (also known as
autonomous databases) are cloud-based and
use machine learning to automate database
tuning, security, backups, updates, and other
routine management tasks traditionally
performed by database administrators.
THE END