Muscle Activity and Strength: By: Mona Liza N. Valencia, Maed (Sped) PTRP

MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND STRENGTH
By: Mona Liza N. Valencia, MAEd (SpEd) PTRP
Recording Contraction
Electromyography:
Recording
of muscle activity by the use of multitude channel instrument allow contraction and relaxation pattern of several muscle to be recorded simultaneously during some particular movement or postural state of joint.
Terminology for Muscle Contraction

Isometric muscle contract and produce force with no gross change in joint angle. It function to stabilize the joint. Concentric Contraction shortening of muscle during contraction. Eccentric Contraction muscle lengthens during contraction. It decelerates body segment to provide shock absorption.
Terminology for Muscle Contraction

Isokinetic Contraction occur when rate of movement is constant. Use Electromechanical device (Isokinetic dynamometer) axis of rotation of the crank arm of the device is align with the anatomic axis of moving joint & device lever is match with mechanical lever. Isotonic Contraction of muscle detached from the body & lifting a load vertically against gravity. Weight remain same through movement, tension change with changing leverage & torque exerted by weight changes with changing joint angle.
Anatomical Action of the Muscle

Proximal attachment origin Distal attachment insertion Factors to predict muscle function: Proximal attachment stabilize. Distal attachment move towards proximal attachment. Distal segment move against gravity / resistance. Muscle acts alone.
Rare circumstances occurs in normal function: Proximal attachment move towards fix distal attachment. Contraction is isometric or eccentric. Movement of distal segment is often assisted by force of gravity. Muscle seldom if ever acts alone.
Functional Terminology
Agonist

prime mover. A contracting muscle that is the principal muscle producing a joint motion of maintaining a purpose. muscle opposite the anatomic action of the agonist. Non contracting muscle neither assist nor resist the motion but passively elongates or shorten to produce the motion to occur. Action can be identical or nearly identical to agonist. Rule out unwanted movement of prime mover. Acts isometrically at joint far removed from primary motion to fixate, stabilize proximal joint so motion occurs at distal joints.
Antagonist

Synergist

Relationship of agonist, antagonist and synergist are not absolute. Relationship vary on the ff: 1. Activity 2. Position 3. Direction of resistance Please see Fig 4-3 of Brunnstrom
PASSIVE EXCURSION
Functional Excursion
distance of muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated as far as the joint over which it passes allows. Muscle can shorten 34% - 89% 50% - Mean value
Passive Insufficiency
state in which muscle elongates over 2 or more joint s simultaneously, and no longer allow further motion by the agonist. Ex: Hamstring: Hip flex, knee extended
Pathologic condition: Lose (N) range of excursion. Muscle tightness, spasticity, shortening from trauma, surgery, adhesion of tendon to their sheath. Ex: CVA patient with spasticity of finger flexors
Tendon Action of Muscle

Tenodesis Passive tension may produce movement of joints when muscle is elongated 2 or more joints. When wrist is flexed, relaxed finger extend because of the passive tension of ED, when wrist is extended, the finger flex because of the tension of the FDP and FDS. For patient with C6 level SCI
MUSCLE STRENGTH
Factors affect muscle strength: 1. Neurologic 2. 2. Metabolic 3. 3. Endocrine 4. 4. Psychological
FACTORS DETERMINE MUSCLE STRENGTH / MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION

Fiber Architecture: PENNATE MUSCLE Design for increase force at the expense of less shortening distance. PARALLEL STRUCTURE OR FIBROSIS Shortening distances but less force for an equivalent muscle mass. Absolute muscle strength indicate muscle tension that can be achieved by the detached muscle.
FACTORS DETERMINE MUSCLE STRENGTH / MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION Age or Gender: Male>Female Strength is gain at birth adolescence (male=female) Increases by 20-30 y/o at its peak (male>female) Decreasing with advancing age.
FACTORS DETERMINE MUSCLE STRENGTH / MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION xMuscle Size Larger muscle are stronger than smaller muscle. Ex: Biceps and supinator MRI,Muscle biopsy 200% - tearing structural component.

x Length-Tension Relationship of Muscle Detached Muscle
Resting Length Detached muscle has no external force acting on it. (no tension) Passive Tension / Passive Stretch Contractile elements are inactive, passive tension from sarcolemma. Tearing of structural component of the muscle fibers occurred at about 200% of resting length *See Fig 4-6 Brunnstrom) Resting length of a muscle attach can not be determined. Passive tension cam be felt Ex: tension on FDS and hamstring
LENGTH TENSION DIAGRAM STIMULATE MUSCLE FIBER (see Fig 4-7)

FOR
50% resting length too much slack for active tension to express. From 50% and above resting length there is rapid rise in tension to reach maximum od about 110% of resting length. Further lengthening produce decrease tension overlap actin and myosin is reduced preventing coupling of full number of cross bridges. Upswing tension curve beyond 170 deg passive tension of the fiber Tearing of the fiber at 200% resting length
Intact Muscle
Do not permit extreme shortening and lengthening of muscle. Ex: Hamstring muscle (see Fig 4-8)
Active insufficiency
weak contractile force of the muscle when attachment are close together and the muscle is attempting to contract or lower portion of length-tension curve. Ex: FDS & FDP wrist, MCP,PIP,DIP flexion Try: Grip with wrist flex and extended (see difference?)
Leverage and Length Tension Interaction

To avoid insufficiency there is change in mechanical leverage Ex: Elbow flexion by biceps brachii Length-tension is most favorable in extension, but maximum tension can be produced during contraction decreases as elbow approaches 90 and passes 90 of flexion. To compensate leverage is increased to 90 degrees. Ex2: Patella in quadriceps muscle

x Speed of Contraction Concentric & Isometric Muscle Force. Greater load lesser speed. (see Fig4-10) Maximum isometric or zero velocity contraction speed of shortening is 0. Slow speed theres maximum cross bridge are formed rapid filament slide past each other, smaller number of units are formed between filament and less amount of force developed.
Eccentric Independent of velocity Withstand high forces is important in deceleration velocity of motion. ENERGY EXPENDITURE AT Submaximal contraction fewer motor units are activated by lengthening than shortening. Energy expenditure is less for eccentric contraction. Less energy required to lower a given load quickly than lower it slowly.
DIFFERENCES IN MECHANISMS.
CROSS
BRIDGE
Differences proposed include: 1. Strong & weak binding forms of actinomyogen & ATP 2. Multiple active site on cross bridges 3. Different myosin head arrangement 4. Different states of cross bridges affinity for attachment and detachment. Tension produce during lengthening contraciton is due to 1020% increase in active cross-bridge formation and not due to elastic component of the fiber. Reattachment is 200x faster than cycle of shortening contraction.
Elastic Forces of Muscle

Magnitude of concentric contraction increases with intensity of prestretch Ex: Second jump is always higher Enhancement of maximum concentric contraction used to increase maximum concentric contraction Used in Plyometric and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation to obtain stronger concentric muscular contraction.
Stretch Shortening Cycle
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH

Maximum Isometric Torque Subject make maximum effort against fixed resistance on the bony lever. The force is recorded by a transducer scale, tensiometer, electronic strain gauge, hand held dynamometer or isokinec dynamometer records the torque. T = Fxd
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH

Maximum Isokinetic Torque Curves use isokinetic Dynamometer keep speed constant record concentric, eccentric torgue and velocity up to 300 degrees. Reproducibility of Quantitative Muscle Torque Testing determine whether theres increase or decrease or no change in muscle strength with time, exercise or treatment.
Neural Adaptation motor learning or specificity of exercise. Major factor affecting reproducibility of repeated strength test scores. Cross training unexercised extremity increase performance as the other extremity was trained.
CLINICAL APPLICATION
Exercise Induced Muscle Injury Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness: 8-12 hours after activity Abnormally high levels of creatine kinase and myoglobulin. Presents with pain causing LOM and devrease in maximum concentric and eccentric muscle force. Hamstring Muscle Pull
CLINICAL APPLICATION
CHANGE OF MUSCLE LENGTHS AND LEVER ARMS: Trauma, Surgery, or immobilization EX: Surgical removal of an inch of the femur to equalize a leg-length discrepancy make muscle slack and contracting on lower weak part of the length tension curve. EX: bone loss from fracture can decrease length of muscle lever arm and strength.
THANK YOU! Now please get =)

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MUSCLE ACTIVITY AND STRENGTH

By: Mona Liza N. Valencia, MAEd (SpEd) PTRP

Terminology for Muscle Contraction

Terminology for Muscle Contraction

Anatomical Action of the Muscle

Tendon Action of Muscle

FACTORS DETERMINE MUSCLE STRENGTH / MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION

FACTORS DETERMINE MUSCLE STRENGTH / MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION

LENGTH TENSION DIAGRAM STIMULATE MUSCLE FIBER (see Fig 4-7)

Leverage and Length Tension Interaction

FACTORS DETERMINE MUSCLE STRENGTH / MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION

Elastic Forces of Muscle

Stretch Shortening Cycle

QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH

QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH

THANK YOU! Now please get =)

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