View source for er

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "er"}}
{{minitoc}}
==English==

===Pronunciation===
* {{enPR|ûr}}, {{IPA|en|/ɜː/}}
* {{audio|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-er.wav|a=Southern England}}
* {{rhymes|en|ɜː(r)|s=1}}
* Used in [[non-rhotic]] dialects. Compare {{m|en|uh}}.

===Etymology 1===
[[mimetic#English|Mimetic]] (sound of hesitation)

====Interjection====
{{en-interj}}

# {{non-gloss|Said when [[hesitating]] in speech.}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=2012|author=Linda Miller|title=Desire and Destiny
|passage=If he—'''er'''—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.}}
#* '''2019''' December 10, [[w:Yacht Club Games|Yacht Club Games]], "Story" (Mona), in ''[[w:Shovel Knight|Shovel Knight Showdown]]'' (version 4.1), [[w:Nintendo Switch|Nintendo Switch]]:
#*: {{quote|en|''Liquid Samurai'': 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / ''Mona'': 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, '''ER''', STUDY YOU?'}}

{{trans-top|hesitating in speech}}
* Esperanto: {{t+|eo|nu}}
{{trans-bottom}}

====Verb====
{{en-verb}}

# {{lb|en|informal}} To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase '''um and er'''.
#: {{ux|en|He ummed and '''erred''' his way through the presentation.}}

====See also====
* [[ah]]
* [[uh]]
* [[um]]

===Etymology 2===

====Noun====
{{en-noun}}

# {{Cyrl-def|en|name|sc=Cyrl|Р|р}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=er|'re|RE|Re|Ré|r.e.|re|re-}}

{{cln|en|filled pauses|two-letter words}}

==Afrikaans==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|af|/æːr/}}
* {{audio|af|LL-Q14196 (afr)-Oesjaar-er.wav}}

===Noun===
{{af-noun|erre|pl2=ers|erretjie}}

# {{Latn-def|af|name|R|r}}

==Alemannic German==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|gsw|goh|er}}, from {{inh|gsw|gem-pro|*iz}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|er}}.

===Pronoun===
{{head|gsw|pronoun|g=m|cat2=personal pronouns}}

# {{lb|gsw|personal}} [[he]]; [[it]]

====Declension====
{{gsw-decl-personal pronouns}}

==Bavarian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|bar|ea||phonetic spelling}}
* {{alt|bar|a||unstressed form}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|bar|gmh|er}}, from {{inh|bar|goh|er|t=he}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|bar|/eɐ̯/}}

===Pronoun===
{{bar-pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}

# [[he]]

===See also===
{{bar-decl-personal_pronouns}}

==Breton==

===Contraction===
{{head|br|contraction}}

# {{contraction of|br|[[e]] [[ur]]|t=in a(n)}}
# {{contraction of|br|[[e]] [[ar]]|t=in the}}

==Cimbrian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|cim|èar||Sette Comuni}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|cim|gmh|ër}}, from {{inh|cim|goh|er}}, from {{inh|cim|gmw-pro|*iʀ||he, it}}, from {{inh|cim|gem-pro|*iz||he, she, it, they}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|er}}.

===Pronoun===
{{head|cim|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}

# {{lb|cim|Luserna}} [[he]], [[it]]

====Inflection====
{{cim-decl-personal pronouns-luserna}}

===References===
* {{R:CLM}}

==Cornish==

===Etymology 1===
Ultimately from {{der|kw|ine-pro|*per-|t=in front}}. See {{cog|cy|er}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|kw|[ɛr]}}

====Preposition====
{{head|kw|preposition}}

# [[for]], [[by]], [[on account of]]

=====Derived terms=====
{{col3|kw
| {{l|kw|erbynn||by, against}}
| {{l|kw|er kov||in memory of}}
| {{l|kw|mos er y bynn||address}}
}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|kw|oco|er}}, from {{inh|kw|cel-pro|*eriros||eagle}} (compare {{cog|br|erer}}, {{cog|cy|eryr}}, {{cog|sga|*irar}}), from {{der|kw|ine-pro|*h₃érō||large bird}}.
[[Image:GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg|thumb|'''er''' (an eagle)]]

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|kw|[ɛːr]|a=Revived Middle Cornish}}
* {{IPA|kw|[eːr]|a=Revived Late Cornish}}

====Noun====
{{kw-noun|m|eryon|eres}}

# [[eagle]]

=====Alternative forms=====
* {{l|kw|her}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|kw|cnx|er}}, borrowed from {{bor|kw|enm|eir}}, from {{der|kw|xno|heir}}, from {{der|kw|la|hērēs}}.

====Noun====
{{kw-noun|m|erys}}

# [[heir]]

===Etymology 4===
{{rfe|kw|related to {{m|cy|arlais}}? not in GM}}

====Noun====
{{head|kw|n|g=m|dual|dewer|plural|eryow}}

# {{lb|kw|anatomy}} [[temple]]

===Etymology 5===
From {{der|kw|cel-pro|*sagro-}}. Cognate with {{cog|cy|haer}}.

====Noun====
{{kw-noun|m}}

# [[challenge]], [[defiance]], [[stubbornness]], [[insistence]], [[heresy]]

===Etymology 6===
{{nonlemma}}

====Noun====
{{head|kw|mutated noun}}

# {{soft mutation of|kw|ger}}

{{topics|kw|Birds of prey|People}}

==Crimean Tatar==

===Adjective===
{{head|crh|adjective}}

# [[every]]

==Czech==

===Pronunciation===
* {{cs-IPA}}

===Noun===
{{cs-noun|n|indecl=1}}

# {{Latn-def|cs|name|R|r}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:cs:PSJC}}
* {{R:cs:SSJC}}

==Danish==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|da|gmq-oda|ær}}, {{inh|da|gem-pro|*wesaną|*izum, *izud}}, from {{der|da|ine-pro|*h₁es-||to be}}. The infinitive of the verb ({{m|da|være}}) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|da|/ɛr/|[ɛɐ̯]|[ɛɒ̯̽]}}, but often elided in spontaneous speech.

===Verb===
{{head|da|verb form}}

# {{infl of|da|være||pres}}

==Dutch==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nl|/ɛr/|/ər/|/dər/}}

===Etymology 1===
Weak form of {{m|nl|der}}, the unstressed form of {{m|nl|daar}} ("there")

====Adverb====
{{nl-adv}}

# [[there]] {{gloss|unspecific to distance}}
# {{lb|nl|with a preposition}} [[it]]; [[him]], [[her]], [[them]]
#: {{ux|nl|Ik heb '''ermee''' gewerkt.|I have worked '''with it/them'''.}}
#: {{ux|nl|Je kunt '''er''' de bergen '''boven''' zien.|You can see the mountains '''above it/them'''.}}

=====Usage notes=====
* {{m|nl||Er}} is an unstressed variety of {{m|nl|hier}} and {{m|nl|daar}}, used when it is not needed to emphasize the specific location relative to the speaker.
* With a preposition, {{m|nl||er}} is used instead of {{m|nl|hem}}, {{m|nl|haar}}, {{m|nl|het}}, {{m|nl|ze}} to create a [[pronominal adverb]]. See also [[:Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs]].

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|pey|d'r}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|nl|odt|iro}}, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

====Adverb====
{{nl-adv}}

# {{lb|nl|partitive pronoun}} [[of]] [[them]], [[of]] [[those]] (often not translated in English)
#: ''Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb '''er''' twee.''
#:: My brother has three children and I have two. (''literally:'' two of those)
#: ''Ik zie '''er''' geen meer.''
#:: I don't see any more (of them).

=====Synonyms=====
* {{l|nl|ervan}}

=====Derived terms=====
See [[:Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs]]

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|nl|daar}}
* {{l|nl|hier}}
* {{l|nl|waar}}

=====See also=====
* {{l|nl|er zijn}}

===Anagrams===
* {{l|nl|re}}

==Faroese==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|fo|/eːɹ/}}

===Verb===
{{head|fo|verb forms}}

# {{inflection of|fo|vera||3|s|ind|pres}}
#: {{ux|fo|Hann '''er''' skipari.|He is a captain/skipper.}}
#: {{ux|fo|Hon '''er''' úr Føroyum.|She is from the Faroe Islands.}}
#: {{ux|fo|Tað '''er''' í ordan.|It's all right.}}

==Gagauz==

===Etymology===
Ultimately from {{inh|gag|trk-pro|*yẹr}}. Compare {{cog|tr|yer}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|gag|/eɾ/}}

===Noun===
{{head|gag|noun}}

# [[place]], [[location]]
# the [[ground]]
# [[earth]]

==German==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|de|gmh|ër}}, from {{inh|de|goh|er}}, from {{inh|de|gmw-pro|*iʀ}}, from {{inh|de|gem-pro|*iz}}. In northern {{cog|gmh|-}} and {{cog|goh|-}} there also existed forms with initial ''h-'', namely {{m+|gmh|her}}, {{m+|goh|her}}, from {{m+|gem-pro|*hiz}}, whence {{cog|gmw-cfr|hä}} and (from the accusative) {{cog|lb|hien}}. Compare {{m+|en|he}}. The unusual spelling ''ih-'' in the forms {{m|de|ihm}}, {{m|de|ihn}} is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from {{m|de|im}}, {{m|de|in}} (when {{m|de||*iem}}, {{m|de||*ien}} could have been read as {{m|de||*jem}}, {{m|de||*jen}}).

===Pronunciation===
* {{qualifier|standard}} {{IPA|de|/eːr/|[ʔeːɐ̯]|[ʔɛɐ̯]}}
:* {{audio|de|De-er.ogg}}
:* {{audio|de|De-er2.ogg}}
:* {{audio|de|De-er-1.ogg}}
:* {{rhymes|de|eːɐ̯|s=1}}
:* {{homophones|de|Ehr}}
* {{qualifier|colloquially in unstressed position}} {{IPA|de|/ɐ/}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|de|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}

# {{lb|de|personal}} [[he]].
#: {{uxi|de|Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist '''er'''?|t=Where is Klaus? Where is '''he'''?|audio=De-wo ist klaus.ogg}}
#: {{uxi|de|Dies ist mein Hund. '''Er''' heißt Waldi.|t=This is my dog. '''His''' name is Waldi.|audio=De-Dies ist mein hund.ogg}}
# {{lb|de|personal}} [[it]] (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine ({{m|de|der}})).
#: {{uxi|de|Dort steht ein Baum. '''Er''' ist über hundert Jahre alt.|t=There stands a tree. '''It''' is more than 100 years old.|audio=De-Dort steht ein baum.ogg}}
# {{lb|de|personal}} [[she]] (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine ({{m|de|der}})).
#: {{uxi|de|Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber '''er''' kam nicht weit.|t=In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but '''she''' didn’t get very far.|audio=De-Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit..ogg}}
# {{lb|de|personal|archaic}} {{alt sp|de|Er|tr=you (polite)}}
#* {{rfdate|de}}, {{w|Clemens Brentano}}, ''Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl'' (edited). In: '''1835''', F. W. Gubitz (editor), ''Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835'', p. 171:
#*: {{quote|de|Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe '''er''' doch nach Haus und bete '''er''' fein und lege '''er''' ſich ſchlafen.| translation=Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.}}
#* {{quote-book|de|year=1837|author=w:Brothers Grimm| title=Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2| chapter=Der junge Riese| url=https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/Der_junge_Riese_(1837)| page=27| text=Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei '''ihm''' werd ich nicht satt, will '''er''' mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.| translation=Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If '''you''' bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.}}

====Declension====
{{de-decl-personal pronouns}}

* In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
** for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: ''Ich erbarmte mich '''seiner'''.'' – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
** with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as {{m|de|statt}} ("instead of, in place of"): ''Ich kam statt '''seiner''' in die Mannschaft.'' – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason ''an seiner Statt'' or ''an seiner Stelle'' is preferable.)
* Older forms/spellings include:
** {{m|de|jm}} {{q|dative; 16th century}}, {{m|de|jn}} {{q|accusative; 16th century}} – distinguished from {{m|de|im||in the, into the}} and {{m|de|in||in, into}}
** {{m|de|ihme}} {{q|dative}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|de|hatter}} {{q|hat er; colloquial}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:Duden}}
* {{R:Grimm}}
* {{R:DWDS}}

==Hunsrik==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|hrx|ëyer||Wiesemann spelling system}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|hrx|goh|er}}, from {{inh|hrx|gem-pro|*iz}}. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with ''h-'', e.g. {{m|goh|hē}}, {{m|goh|her}} (see {{m|en|he}}).

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|hrx|/ˈɛɐ/}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|hrx|pronoun}}

# [[he]]

====Inflection====
{{hrx-decl-personal pronouns}}

===Further reading===
* [https://hunsriqueanoriograndense.wordpress.com/dicionario-werterbuch/ Online Hunsrik Dictionary]

==Icelandic==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|is|/ɛːr/}}
{{rfap|is}}

===Etymology 1===
{{inh|is|non|er||is|pos=3rd person singular}}, analogical leveling of earlier {{m|non|es}}, from {{inh|is|gem-pro|*isti}}, from {{inh|is|ine-pro|*h₁ésti}}.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in ''er-''; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was {{m|non|em}}.

====Verb====
{{head|is|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|is|vera||1|s|ind|pres}}
#: {{ux|is|{{l|is|ég|Ég}} '''er''' [[skemmtilegur]].|I '''am''' [[fun]] (masculine)}}
#: {{ux|is|[[hver|Hver]] '''er''' {{l|is|ég}}?|[[who|Who]] '''am''' I?}}
# {{inflection of|is|vera||3|s|ind|pres}}
#: {{ux|is|{{l|is|vita|Veit}} [[einhver]] [[hvar]] {{l|is|pabbi}} [[minn]] '''er'''?|[[does|Does]] [[anybody]] [[know]] [[where]] my [[dad]] '''is'''?}}
#: {{ux|is|[[hver|Hver]] '''er''' {{l|is|hann}}?|[[who|Who]] '''is''' [[he]]?}}

===Etymology 2===
{{inh|is|non|er}}, from {{inh|is|gem-pro|*iz||he}}, from {{inh|is|ine-pro|*ís||he, that}}.

====Pronoun====
{{head|is|pronoun|cat2=relative pronouns}}

# {{lb|is|relative}} [[which]]
#: {{ux|is|{{l|is|maður|Maður}} {{l|is|vera|er}} [[sá]], '''er''' [[Jón]] [[heita|heitir]].|There [[is]] a [[man]] '''who''' is named [[John]].}}
#: {{ux|is|[[kona|Konan]], '''er''' {{l|is|hann}} {{l|is|vera|var}} að [[tala við]].|The [[woman]] to '''whom''' [[he]] [[was]] [[talk|talking]].}}
#: {{ux|is|[[þetta|Þetta]] {{l|is|vera|er}} [[borg|borgin]], '''er''' {{l|is|hann}} [[koma|kom]] [[frá]].|This is the [[city]] [[from]] '''which''' he [[originated]].}}
#: {{ux|is|[[bær|Bærinn]], '''er''' [[hún]] [[ætla]]r [[til]].|The [[town]] to '''which''' she's heading.}}
# {{lb|is|archaic}} in relations with a [[demonstrative pronoun]] ([[this]], [[that]], [[these]]) or [[personal pronoun]] ([[I]], [[we]], [[they]]), which represents the genitive of a [[relative pronoun]].
#: {{ux|is|Það er [[sá|sú]] bók, '''er''' {{l|is|maður|menn}} þekkja eigi [[höfundur|höfund]] hennar.|There is a book '''whose''' [[author]] people don't know.}}

====Conjunction====
{{head|is|conjunction}}

# {{lb|is|with an "[[indexical]]"; ''[[ábendingarorð]]''}} of a place, of a time
#* Judges 2:19
#*: {{quote|is|En '''er''' dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.|But '''when''' the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.}}
#: {{ux|is|Þar '''er''' ég kom.|There '''whence''' I came.}}
#: {{ux|is|Þá '''er''' myndin var búin.|'''When''' the movie was finished.}}

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|is|þá er þegar}}

===References===
* {{R:Zoega lite}}

==Indonesian==

===Etymology===
From {{bor|id|nl|er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{id-IPA|èr}}

===Noun===
{{id-noun|head=èr|ku=-|mu=-|nya=-}}

# {{Latn-def-lite|id|name|R|r}}

====Synonyms====
* {{l|ms|ar}} {{q|Standard Malay}}

====See also====
* {{list:Latin script letter names/id}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:KBBI Daring}}

==Italian==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|it|'r||after vowels}}

===Article===
{{head|it|article|g=m-s}}

# {{lb|it|Romanesco}} {{alternative form of|it|[[el]]|from=dialectal}}, {{n-g|whence modern {{m|it|il}}}}

==Jamtish==

===Verb===
{{head|gmq-jmk|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|gmq-jmk|vara||pres|ind}}

==Japanese==

===Alternative forms===
* {{ja-r|ler|-ラー}}

===Etymology===
From {{bor|ja|en|-er}}, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

===Pronunciation===
{{ja-pron|アー}}

===Suffix===
{{ja-pos|suffix|アー}}

# {{lb|ja|slang}} {{n-g|Suffix used for people, especially fans.}}

====Derived terms====
{{suffixsee|ja}}
{{suffixsee|ja|ler}}

====Related terms====
* {{ja-r|ist|-イスト}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite-journal|author={{lw|ja|難波功士}} [Koji Nanba]|title=ja:〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜：サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在|journal={{lang|ja|関西学院大学社会学部紀要}}|issue=100|year=2006|pages=181&ndash;189|trans-title=The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10236/14011}}

{{cln|ja|terms written in foreign scripts}}

==Kembra==

===Noun===
{{head|xkw|noun}}

# [[water]]

==Latin==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|la|itc-pro|*hēr}}, from {{inh|la|ine-pro|*ǵʰḗr||hedgehog}} (whence also {{cog|grc|χήρ||hedgehog}}), a root noun from {{m|ine-pro|*ǵʰer-||to be excited, be bristly}}, whence also {{cog|grc|χοῖρος||young pig}} and {{cog|sq|derr||pig}} from {{m|ine-pro|*ǵʰóryos|*ǵʰór-yos}}.<ref>{{R:itc:EDL|head=ēr|page=193}}</ref>

====Pronunciation====
* {{la-IPA|ēr}}

====Noun====
{{la-noun|ēr<3>|g=m}}

# [[hedgehog]]

=====Usage notes=====
There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ''ēr'' or ''ēris'', as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, ''irim'' (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, ''Capt.'' 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

=====Declension=====
{{la-ndecl|ēr<3>}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|la|ēricius||hedgehog; picket}}

===Etymology 2===

====Pronunciation====
* {{la-IPA}}

====Noun====
{{la-noun|er|g=f|indecl=y}}

# {{non-gloss|The name of the letter ''{{l|la|R}}''.}}

=====Usage notes=====
* Multiple Latin names for the letter {{m|la||R}}, {{m|la||r}} have been suggested. The most common is {{m|la||er}} or a [[syllabic]] {{m|la||r}}, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, {{m|la||rē}}, {{m|la||rrr}}, {{m|la||ər}}, {{m|la||rə}}, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) {{m|grc|ιρρε}}.

=====Coordinate terms=====
* {{Latin letter names of the Roman alphabet}}

===References===
* {{R:L&S lite|ēr|er1}}
* {{R:Gaffiot|ēr}}
* Arthur E. Gordon, ''The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet'' ([[w:University of California Press|University of California Press]], 1973; volume 9 of ''University of California Publications: Classical Studies''), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
<references/>

{{C|la|Latin letter names}}

==Latvian==

===Pronunciation===
* {{lv-IPA|ɛɾ}}
* {{audio|lv|lv-riga-er.ogg}}

===Noun===
{{lv-noun|m|-}}

# {{non-gloss|The Latvian name of the [[Appendix:Latin script|Latin script]] letter {{l|lv|R}}/{{l|lv|r}}.}}

====See also====
* ''Latvian letter names:''
*: {{l|lv|a}} ({{l|lv|A}}), {{l|lv|garais ā}} ({{l|lv|Ā}}), {{l|lv|bē}} ({{l|lv|B}}), {{l|lv|cē}} ({{l|lv|C}}), {{l|lv|čē}} ({{l|lv|Č}}), {{l|lv|dē}} ({{l|lv|D}}), {{l|lv|e}} ({{l|lv|E}}), {{l|lv|garais ē}} ({{l|lv|Ē}}), {{l|lv|ef}} ({{l|lv|F}}), {{l|lv|gā}} ({{l|lv|G}}), {{l|lv|ģē}} ({{l|lv|Ģ}}), {{l|lv|hā}} ({{l|lv|H}}), {{l|lv|i}} ({{l|lv|I}}), {{l|lv|garais ī}} ({{l|lv|Ī}}), {{l|lv|jē}} ({{l|lv|J}}), {{l|lv|kā}} ({{l|lv|K}}), {{l|lv|ķē}} ({{l|lv|Ķ}}), {{l|lv|el}} ({{l|lv|L}}), {{l|lv|eļ}} ({{l|lv|Ļ}}), {{l|lv|em}} ({{l|lv|M}}), {{l|lv|en}} ({{l|lv|N}}), {{l|lv|eņ}} ({{l|lv|Ņ}}), {{l|lv|o}} ({{l|lv|O}}), {{l|lv|pē}} ({{l|lv|P}}), {{l|lv|er}} ({{l|lv|R}}), {{l|lv|es}} ({{l|lv|S}}), {{l|lv|eš}} ({{l|lv|Š}}), {{l|lv|tē}} ({{l|lv|T}}), {{l|lv|u}} ({{l|lv|U}}), {{l|lv|garais ū}} ({{l|lv|Ū}}), {{l|lv|vē}} ({{l|lv|V}}), {{l|lv|zē}} ({{l|lv|Z}}), {{l|lv|žē}} ({{l|lv|Ž}})

==Low German==

===Pronoun===
{{head|nds|pronoun}}

# {{alternative spelling of|nds|ehr}}

==Lower Sorbian==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|dsb|/ɛr/}}

===Noun===
{{dsb-noun|m-in}}

# {{Latn-def|dsb|name|r|R}}

===See also===
* {{list:Latin script letter names/dsb}}

==Malay==

===Etymology===
Possibly {{bor+|ms|en|er|nocap=1}} or is a [[pronunciation spelling]] of {{m|ms|a}} in [[non-rhotic]] Malay accents.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|ms|[ə]}}

===Interjection===
{{ms-interj}}

# {{n-g|Used to express [[hesitation]]}}; {{l|en|er}}, [[uh]].
#: {{syn|ms|a}}
#: {{ux|ms|'''Er''', kita tengah ke mana ni?|'''Er''', where are we going?}}

==Mambae==

===Noun===
{{head|mgm|noun}}

# [[water]]

===References===
* ''Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect'' (2001)

==Mandarin==

===Romanization===
{{cmn-pinyin|notr=1}}

# {{nonstandard spelling of|cmn|ēr}}
# {{nonstandard spelling of|cmn|ér}}
# {{nonstandard spelling of|cmn|ěr}}
# {{nonstandard spelling of|cmn|èr}}

====Usage notes====
* {{cmn-toneless-note}}

==Manx==

===Etymology===
From a conflation of three {{der|gv|sga|-}} prepositions:
# {{m|sga|ar|}}, {{m|sga|air||for}} (triggering lenition), from {{der|gv|cel-pro|*ɸare||in front of}}, from {{der|gv|ine-pro|*pr̥h₂i}}. Cognates include {{cog|grc|παρά||beside}} and {{cog|en|fore}}.
# {{m|sga|for||on}} (triggering no mutation), from {{der|gv|cel-pro|*uɸer||over, on}} (compare {{cog|cy|ar}}, {{cog|br|war}}), from {{der|gv|ine-pro|*upér}} (compare {{cog|la|super}}, {{cog|grc|ὑπέρ}}, {{cog|ang|ofer}}).
# {{m|sga|íar||after}} (triggering eclipsis), from {{der|gv|cel-pro|*eɸirom||after, behind}}, from {{der|gv|ine-pro|*h₁epi}}.
Cognates include {{cog|ga|ar}} and {{cog|gd|air}}.

===Preposition===
{{head|gv|preposition}}

# [[on]]
# [[onto]]
# [[during]]
# [[for]]

====Inflection====
{{gv-prep-infl
|1sg=orrym
|2sg=ort
|3sgm=er
|3sgmem=ersyn
|3sgf=urree
|1pl=orrin
|2pl=erriu
|3pl=orroo
}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|gv|prepositional pronoun}}

# {{inflection of|gv|er||3|s}}
#: [[on]] [[him]]/[[it]]

====Derived terms====
* {{l|gv|ersyn}} {{qualifier|emphatic}}

==Middle Dutch==

===Adverb===
{{head|dum|adverb form}}

# {{form of|dum|unstressed form|dāer}}

==Middle English==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|enm|ang|ǣr}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*airi}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*airi}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/ɛːr/}}

====Adverb====
{{head|enm|adverb}}

# [[early]]
# [[earlier]]
# [[formerly]]
# [[rather]]

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|enm|erly}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|en|ere}}
* {{desc|sco|air}}
* {{desc|yol|ear}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online |entry=ēr|pos=adv|id=MED14268 |accessdate=2020-05-25}}

===Etymology 2===

====Determiner====
{{head|enm|determiner}}

# {{alt form|enm|hire|t=her|id=her|pos=genitive}}

====Pronoun====
{{head|enm|pronoun}}

# {{alt form|enm|hire|t=hers|id=hers}}

===Etymology 3===

====Pronoun====
{{head|enm|pronoun}}

# {{alt form|enm|hire|t=her|id=her (acc.)|pos=object}}

===Etymology 4===

====Noun====
{{head|enm|noun}}

# {{alternative form of|enm|eere|t=ear of grain}}

===Etymology 5===

====Determiner====
{{head|enm|determiner}}

# {{alt form|enm|here|t=their|id=their}}

==Middle High German==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|gmh|goh|er}}, from {{inh|gmh|gem-pro|*iz||he}}.

===Pronoun===
{{head|gmh|pronoun|head=ër}}

# {{lb|gmh|personal}} [[he]]

====Inflection====
{{Middle High German personal pronouns}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|gsw|-}}
*: Low Alemannic:
*:: Alsatian: {{l|gsw|ar}}, {{l|gsw|er}}, {{l|gsw|ër}}
*:: Badisch: {{l|gsw|er}}
*: High Alemannic: {{l|gsw|er}}, {{l|gsw|är}}
*:: Bernese: {{l|gsw|är}}
*:: Lucerne: {{l|gsw|aer}}
*:: Northeastern: {{l|gsw|ar}}
*: Walser: {{l|gsw|är}}
* {{desc|swg|er|ear}}
*: Swabian Jura: {{l|swg|ear}}
* {{desc|bar|er}}
** {{desc|cim|èar|er|ar}}
** {{desc|mhn|er}}
* {{desc|gmw-cfr|-}}
*: Moselle Franconian: {{l|gmw-cfr|er}}
** {{desc|hrx|er|alts=1}}
* {{desc|gmw-ecg|-}}
*: High Prussian: {{l|gmw-ecg|er}}
*: {{desc|sli|-}}
*:: Lower {{desc|sli|a}}
*:: Upper {{desc|sli|a}}
*:: North Moravian: {{l|gmw-ecg|ar}}
*: Thuringian: {{l|gmw-ecg|er}}
*:: Central Thuringian: {{l|gmw-ecg|er}}
*:: West Thuringian: {{l|gmw-ecg|aa}}
*: {{desc|sxu|är}}
*:: Meißnisch: {{l|gmw-ecg|är}}
*:: Osterländisch: {{l|gmw-ecg|är}}
*: Erzgebirgisch: {{l|gmw-ecg|aorr}}
*: Lusatian: {{l|gmw-ecg|ar}}
* {{desc|de|er}}
*: Berlinerisch: {{l|de|[[er]]/[[ea]]}}
* {{desc|vmf|er|ea}}
*: Unterfränkisch: {{l|vmf|ar}}
*: Hohenlohisch: {{l|vmf|er}}
* {{desc|gmw-rfr|-}}
*: Upper Hessian: {{l|gmw-rfr|er}}
*: Lorraine Franconian: {{l|gmw-rfr|ér}}, {{l|gmw-rfr|éa}}
*: {{desc|pfl|er}}
** {{desc|pdc|er}}
* {{desc|yi|ער}}

===References===
* {{R:gmh:BMZ|entry=ër|id=E00284}}

==Mòcheno==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|mhn|gmh|ër}}, from {{inh|mhn|goh|er}}, from {{inh|mhn|gmw-pro|*iʀ||he, it}}, from {{inh|mhn|gem-pro|*iz||he, she, it, they}}. Cognate with {{cog|de|er}}.

===Pronoun===
{{head|mhn|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}

# [[he]], [[it]]

====Inflection====
{{mhn-decl-personal pronouns}}

===References===
* {{R:CLM}}

==Norwegian Bokmål==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nb|/eːɾ/|[æːɾ]}}

===Verb===
{{head|nb|verb form}}

# {{infl of|nb|være||pres}} (''=to be'')
#: {{ux|nb|Han '''er''' ikke hjem.|inline=1|He '''is''' not home.}}

==Norwegian Nynorsk==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nn|/æː(r)/|/eː(r)/}} {{nn-pronu-note}}

===Verb===
{{head|nn|verb form}}

# is, are, am (present of '''to be''') {{infl of|nn|vera||pres}}
#: {{ux|nn|Eg '''er''' framand.|inline=1|I '''am''' a stranger.}}
# {{lb|nn|auxiliary}} [[be]]
#: {{ux|nn|Boka '''er''' skriven.|inline=1|The book '''is''' written}}
#: {{ux|nn|Bøkene '''er''' skrivne.|inline=1|The books '''are''' written.}}

===References===
* {{R:Dokpro|lang=nn|vera}}
* {{cite-web |titleurl=https://www.dinordbok.no/nynorsk-engelsk/?q=er |title=er på engelsk |work=DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse |accessdate=2018-10-15 }}

==Old Dutch==

===Etymology===
From {{inh|odt|gmw-pro|*airi}}, from {{inh|odt|gem-pro|*airiz}}.

===Preposition===
{{head|odt|preposition|head=ēr}}

# [[before]], earlier than

====Descendants====
* {{desctree|dum|êer}}

====Further reading====
* {{R:ONW|4540|ēr|II}}

===Conjunction===
{{head|odt|conjunction|head=ēr}}

# [[ere]], [[afore]]

====Descendants====
* {{desctree|dum|êer}}

====Further reading====
* {{R:ONW|2304|ēr|III}}

===Adverb===
{{head|odt|adverb|head=ēr}}

# [[previously]], in an earlier period, in a bygone time
# [[earlier]], before a certain time or period

====Descendants====
* {{desc|dum|êer}}

====Further reading====
* {{R:ONW|2305|ēr|I}}

==Old Frisian==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|ofs|gmw-pro|*airi}}, from {{inh|ofs|gem-pro|*airiz}}. Cognates include {{cog|ang|ǣr}}, {{cog|osx|ēr}} and {{cog|odt|ēr}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|ofs|/ˈeːr/|[ˈɛːr]}}

====Adverb====
{{head|ofs|adverb|head=ēr}}

# [[earlier]], [[previously]]

====Preposition====
{{head|ofs|preposition|head=ēr|+ dative}}

# [[before]] {{q|of time}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|stq|eer}}
* {{desc|fy|ear't}}

===Etymology 2===

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|ofs|/ˈeːr/|[ˈɛːr]}}

====Noun====
{{ofs-noun|f|head=ēr}}

# {{alternative form of|ofs|ēre}}

===References===
* {{R:ofs:Bremmer:2009}}

==Old High German==

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|goh|gmw-pro|*airi}}, from {{inh|goh|gem-pro|*airiz}}, whence also {{cog|ang|ær}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|goh|/eːr/}}

====Adjective====
{{goh-adj|head=ēr}}

# [[early]]

====Adverb====
{{goh-adv|head=ēr}}

# [[ere]], [[before]]
# [[formerly]]

====Conjunction====
{{goh-con|head=ēr}}

# [[before]], [[until]]

====Preposition====
{{goh-prep|head=ēr}} (+ ''dative'')

# [[before]]

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|goh|gem-pro|*aiz}}, akin to {{cog|ang|ār}}, {{cog|non|eir}}.

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|goh|/eːr/}}

====Noun====
{{goh-noun|n|head=ēr}}

# [[ore]]
# [[brass]]

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|gmh|er}}
** {{desc|gsw|Eer}}
*** {{desc|der=1|gsw|eerig}}
* {{desc|der=1|goh|ērīn}}
** {{desc|gmh|ērīn}}
*** {{desc|de|ehern}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|goh|gem-pro|*iz||he}}, akin to {{cog|got|𐌹𐍃||he}}, {{cog|la|is||he}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|goh|her}} {{q|northern}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|goh|/er/}}

====Pronoun====
{{goh-pron}}

# [[he]]
#* '''c. 825''', {{w|Tatian}}, {{w|Diatessaron}}, ''[https://archive.org/details/tatian00sievgoog/page/n106/mode/2up8 translation]'', Chapter 13, verse 20.
#*: {{quote|goh|{{...}} Bist thu wīzago? inti '''her''' antlingota nein {{...}}|{{...}} Are you prophet? and '''he''' responded no {{...}}}}

=====Inflection=====
{{Old High German personal pronouns}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|gmh|ër}} {{see desc}}

===References===
* Joseph Wright, ''An Old High German Primer''

==Old Norse==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|non|es|-'s}}

===Etymology 1===
From earlier {{m|non|es}}, from {{inh|non|gem-pro|*iz||he; 3rd person personal pronoun}}. Cognate with {{cog|got|𐌹𐍃}}, {{cog|goh|er|ēr}} ({{cog|de|er}}).

====Pronoun====
{{head|non|pronoun}}

# [[who]], [[which]], [[that]]
#* verse 76 of the ''[[w:Hávamál|Hávamál]]'' (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
#*: {{quote|non|en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim '''er''' sér góðan getr|but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man '''who''' can get himself a good one}}

====Conjunction====
{{head|non|conjunction}}

# [[where]]
# [[when]]
#: {{ux|non|En '''er''' hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldin|and '''when''' he died, the whole world cried.}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|is|er}}
* {{desc|fo|er}}
* {{desc|gmq-osw|ær}}<!--
* {{desc|gmq-bot|-es}}-->

====Usage notes====
* The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form ''es'', and many poems metrically require the contracted form ''-s'' (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century [[w:Codex Regius|Codex Regius]]). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore '''er''' to ''es'', Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

===Etymology 2===
{{root|non|ine-pro|*h₁es-}}
From earlier {{m|non|es}}, from {{inh|non|gmq-pro|ᛁᛊᛏ}}, from {{inh|non|gem-pro|*isti}}, {{inflection of|gem-pro|*wesaną||1//3|s|ind|pres}}. The final ''-s'' was replaced by ''-r'' due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

====Verb====
{{head|non|verb form}}

# {{senseid|non|is}} {{inflection of|non|vera||3|s|ind|pres}}

=====Usage notes=====
* See above; the same rules apply.

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|is|er}}
* {{desc|fo|er}}
* {{desc|no|-}}
** {{desc|nb|er}}
** {{desc|nn|er}}
* {{desc|gmq-jmk|er}}
* {{desc|ovd|ir}} <!--
* {{desc|gmq-bot|jer|jär}}-->
* {{desc|gmq-osw|ær}}
** {{desc|sv|är}}
* {{desc|da|er}}
* {{desc|gmq-ogt|ier}}

===References===
* {{R:Zoega lite}}

==Old Prussian==

===Etymology===
From {{der|prg|ine-pro|*h₂er-|*h₂er-/*h₂r̥-}}. Cognate with {{cog|lt|ar̃||also, if}}, {{cog|lv|ar||also}}, {{cog|grc|ἄρ||hence, as well as}}.

===Preposition===
{{head|prg|prep}} + ''(optionally another preposition)''
# [[until]], [[to]], [[up to]]

====Derived terms====
* {{l|prg|ergi}}

===Particle===
{{head|prg|prep}}
# [[as well as]]

===See also===
* {{l|prg|er-}}

===References===
* {{R:prg:Mažiulis|vol=1|pages=282-283}}

==Old Saxon==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|osx|/ɛːr/}}

===Etymology 1===
{{dercat|osx|gem-pro|inh=1}}
From {{inh|osx|gmw-pro|*airi}}, whence also {{cog|ang|ær}}.

====Adjective====
{{osx-adj|head=ēr}}

# [[early]]

=====Declension=====
{{osx-decl-adj|ēr}}

====Adverb====
{{osx-adv|head=ēr}}

# [[before]], [[ere]]
# [[formerly]]

====Conjunction====
{{osx-con|head=ēr}}

# [[before]]

====Preposition====
{{osx-prep|head=ēr}} (+ ''dative'')

# [[before]]

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*aiz}}, whence also {{cog|ang|ār}}.

====Noun====
{{osx-noun|head=ēr}}

# [[copper]], [[bronze]]
# [[ore]]

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|gml|ēr}}

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|osx|gem-pro|*airuz}}. Cognate with {{cog|ang|ār}}, {{cog|non|árr}}, {{cog|got|𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃}}.

====Noun====
{{head|osx|noun|head=ēr|g=m}}

# [[messenger]], [[herald]]

==Old Tupi==

===Etymology===
{{backformation|tpw|era|t=name}}.<ref>{{R:pt:Navarro 2013|page=109|entry=era|column=1}}</ref>

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|tpw|/ˈɛɾ/}}
* {{rhyme|tpw|ɛɾ|s=2}}
* {{hyph|tpw|er}}

===Adjective===
{{tpw-adj|IIa}}

# [[named]]; having a [[name]]

====Derived terms====
* {{l|tpw|seryba'e}}

===References===
<references/>

==Palauan==

===Preposition===
{{head|pau|preposition}}

# {{n-g|Used to indicate a specific object [[noun phrase]].}}
#: {{ux|pau|el mo '''er''' a medad|t=in the future.|inline=y}}
#: {{ux|pau|'''er''' a elecha el tutau|t=this morning.|inline=y}}
#: {{ux|pau|rakket '''er''' a tenis|t=tennis racket.|inline=y}}

===References===
{{R:pau:PLD}}

==Pennsylvania German==

===Etymology===
Compare {{cog|de|er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|pdc|/ɛɐ̯/}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|pdc|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}

# [[he]]

====Declension====
{{pdc-decl-personal pronouns}}

==Polabian==

===Etymology===
{{bor+|pox|gml|ere//eren//here}}.

===Noun===
{{pox-noun|m}}

# [[master]], [[gentleman]]

===Adverb===
{{pox-adv}}

# {{alt form|pox|ar}}

===References===
* {{R:pox:SejDp|er|145|2}}
* {{R:pox:Polanski:1967|er|page=60}}
* {{R:pox:Olesch1983|Herr|237|1}} 

==Polish==

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr|a=LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-er.wav}}

===Noun===
{{head|pl|noun form|g=f}}

# {{inflection of|pl|era||gen|p}}

==Salar==

===Etymology 1===
From Old Turkic ''erür''.

====Noun====
{{head|slr|noun}}

# [[is]], [[are]]

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|slr|trk-pro|*ēr}}. Cognate to {{cog|az|ər}}, {{cog|tr|er}}, {{cog|tk|är}}.

====Noun====
{{head|slr|noun}}

# [[man]]

===Etymology 3===
From {{inh|slr|trk-pro|*ẹ̄r}}. Cognate to {{cog|tr|er}}, {{cog|tk|īr}}.

====Adjective====
{{head|slr|adjective}}

# {{lb|slr|Dialectal|Mengda|Ejia}} [[early]]

====Adverb====
{{head|slr|adverb}}

# [[morning]]
# [[long]] [[time]] [[ago]]

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|slr|ergi}}
* {{l|slr|ette}}
* {{l|slr|er-geş|t=morning and evening}}

===References===
* {{R:slr:Stroy|page=326|eř, er}}
* {{R:slr:MaWei|page=105|er}}
* {{R:slr:MaWei2|page=108, 262|er, erğine}}
* {{R:slr:Lianyun|page=33, 134|er}}
* {{R:slr:MaChengjun|page=103|er}}

==Saterland Frisian==

===Etymology===
{{dercat|stq|gem-pro|ine-pro|inh=2}}
From {{inh|stq|ofs|-er}}, from {{inh|stq|gmw-pro|*iʀ}}. Cognates include {{cog|fy|er}} and {{cog|de|er}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|stq|/ər/}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|stq|pronoun|cat2=personal pronouns}}

# {{form of|stq|unstressed form|hie||he}}

====See also====
{{stq-personal pronouns}}

===References===
* {{R:stq:SW}}

==Scots==

===Etymology 1===

====Verb====
{{head|sco|verb forms}}

# {{lb|sco|South Scots}} Second-person simple present form of ''ti [[be]]''
# {{lb|sco|South Scots}} Plural simple present form of ''ti [[be]]''
# {{lb|sco|South Scots}} First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ''ti [[be]]''
#: {{ux|sco|A'm '''er''' so!}}

=====Usage notes=====
Used emphatically. See [[ir]].

===Etymology 2===

====Noun====
{{sco-noun}}

# {{alt form|sco|air|from=Shetland||beach}}

====References====
* {{R:DSL|pos=n.{{sup|4}}|noformat=1}}

==Swedish==

===Etymology===
{{contraction|sv}} of earlier {{m|sv|eder}}, from {{inh|sv|gmq-osw|iþer}}, {{m|gmq-osw|idher}}, from {{inh|sv|non|iðʀ}}, from {{inh|sv|gem-pro|*izwiz}}, dative/accusative of {{m|gem-pro|*jūz}}, from {{der|sv|ine-pro|*yū́}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sv|/eːr/}}

===Pronoun===
{{head|sv|pronoun|g=c|neuter possessive only|ert|plural|era}}

# [[you]] ''(plural, object)''
#: {{syn|sv|eder|q1=formal, archaic}}
# {{lb|sv|possessive}} [[your]], [[yours]]; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
#: {{syn|sv|eran|eder|q1=informal|q2=formal, archaic}}
# {{lb|sv|reflexive pronoun}} {{n-g|reflexive of '''[[ni]]'''; compare [[yourselves]]}}
#: {{ux|sv|Skulle ni vilja lära '''er''' jonglera?|Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?}}

====Usage notes====
* See ''[[ni]]'' for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
* Even though ''er'' (2) and its archaic form ''[[eder]]'' is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ''[[ers]]'' and ''[[eders]]'', which is only used in expressions like {{m|sv|Ers Majestät||Your Majesty}} and {{m|sv|Ers Höghet||Your Highness}}.

====Declension====
{{sv-decl-ppron}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|sv|a=er|-re|re-}}

==Turkish==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|tr|/ɛɾ/|[æɾ]}}
* {{rhymes|tr|æɾ|s=1}}

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|tr|ota|ایر}}, {{m|ota|ار}}, from {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*ẹ̄r||early}}.  Related to {{cog|otk|𐰼|tr=er}}.

====Adverb====
{{head|tr|adjective}}

# {{lb|tr|dialectal}} [[early]]
#: {{syn|tr|erken}}

=====Usage notes=====
* Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as ''er ya da geç'' ("sooner or later")

===Etymology 2===
{{inh+|tr|ota|ار}}, from {{inh|tr|trk-pro|*ēr||man}}. Related to noun-forming suffix {{m|tr|-er}} and {{cog|otk|𐰼|tr=er}}.

====Noun====
{{tr-noun|i|ler}}

# [[brave]]
# [[man]], [[male]]
# [[noble]]
# [[conscript]], [[private]] {{gloss|soldier of the lowest rank of the army}}
# [[tribesman]]
# [[warrior]]

=====Declension=====
{{tr-infl-noun-c|e|pred=1|poss=1}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col-auto|tr|er bezi}}

===Etymology 3===

====Verb====
{{head|tr|verb form}}

# {{tr-verb form of|ermek}}

==Uzbek==
{{uz-variant|c=эр}}

===Etymology===
{{inh+|uz|trk-pro|*ēr}}.

===Noun===
{{uz-noun}}

# [[man]] {{c|uz|Human}}
#: {{syn|uz|erkak}}
# [[husband]] {{c|uz|Marriage}}
#: {{syn|uz|zavj}}
#: {{ant|uz|xotin}}

====Derived terms====
* {{l|uz|er-xotin}}

==Welsh==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|cy|/ɛr/}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|cy|wlm|yr}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-bry-pro|*er}}, from {{inh|cy|cel-pro|*ɸeri}}, ultimately from {{der|cy|ine-pro|*per-|t=in front}}. Compare {{cog|kw|er|t=for, by}}, {{cog|grc|περί|t=about, peri-}}, {{cog|la|per|t=through}}.<ref>{{R:cy:GPC}}</ref>

====Conjunction====
{{head|cy|conjunction}}

# [[although]]
#* {{quote-journal|cy|date=September 28, 2018|work=BBC Cymru Fyw| title=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/45670189 Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?]| passage=Nid y Sbaeneg ('''er''' y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.|t=Not Spanish ('''although''' that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.}}
#* {{quote-journal|cy|date=June 13, 2019|author=Llinos Lee|work=BBC Cymru Fyw| title=[https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymrufyw/48622604 Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey']| passage=Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac '''er''' mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …|t=I was brought up in Barry, and '''although''' I moved away for university, …}}

====Preposition====
{{head|cy|preposition|triggers soft mutation}}

# {{lb|cy|literary}} [[since]]
#: {{syn|cy|ers}}
# {{lb|cy|archaic}} [[in spite of]], [[despite]]
#: {{syn|cy|er gwaethaf}}
# {{lb|cy|archaic}} [[in order to]]
#: {{syn|cy|er mwyn|i}}
# {{lb|cy|archaic}} [[for the sake of]]
#: {{syn|cy|er mwyn}}
# {{lb|cy|obsolete}} [[because of]]
#: {{syn|cy|achos|o achos|oherwydd|oblegid}}
# {{lb|cy|obsolete}} [[for]], [[in exchange for]]
#: {{syn|cy|am}}
# {{lb|cy|obsolete}} [[resulting in]]
# {{lb|cy|obsolete}} [[through]]
#: {{syn|cy|trwy|drwy}}

====Usage notes====
* In very formal or literary language, {{m|cy|er}} is used when a specific start time is mentioned. 
:: {{ux|cy|Saif y castell yma '''er''' 1284.|The castle has stood here '''since''' 1284.}}
:: {{ux|cy|Y mae’r castell yn adfail '''er''' pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.|The castle has been a ruin '''since''' the last king died.}}
:{{m|cy|ers|Ers}} is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
:: {{ux|cy|Mae’r castell yma '''ers''' canrifoedd.|The castle has been here '''for''' centuries.}}
:In less formal registers, {{m|cy|ers}} is used in all instances.

====Derived terms====
* {{l|cy|er mwyn||for the sake of; in order to}}
* {{l|cy|er gwaethaf||despite}}
* {{l|cy|ers||since}}

====Inflection====
{{cy-personal-prep-literary|erof|erot|erddo|erddi|erom|eroch|erddynt}}

===Etymology 2===
{{nonlemma}}

====Noun====
{{cy-noun|f|eriau}}

# {{Latn-def|cy|name|R|r}}

====See also====
* {{list:Latin script letter names/cy}}

===Mutation===
{{cy-mut}}

===References===
<references />

==West Frisian==

===Pronoun===
{{head|fy|pronoun form}}

# {{inflection of|fy|hy||clitic|form}} used before the object or after the verb.