Grammar and Vocabulary Reference Spanish 4th ESO

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R Refresh your memory!

Grammar Reference

Modales de habilidad y permiso Present perfect y past simple


Afirmativa Negativa Present perfect
Pasado I could swim. I couldn’t swim. Afirmativa I / You / We / They have been.
You could dance. You couldn’t dance. He / She / It has been.
Presente He / She can go. He / She can’t go. Negativa I / You / We / They haven’t been.
It can understand. It can’t understand. He / She / It hasn’t been.
Futuro We will be able to We won’t be able to Interrogativa Have I / you / we / they been?
leave. leave. Has he / she / it been?
They will be able to They won’t be able to Past simple
work. work.
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They went.
Usos
Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They didn’t
Empleamos el verbo modal can para expresar habilidad
go.
y permiso para hacer cosas. Podemos emplear can en
Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they go?
pasado, presente y futuro. Can no tiene forma de tercera
persona singular. Usos
He can sing. NO He cans sing. Empleamos el present perfect para acciones o situaciones
Podemos emplear be allowed to para describir el permiso que no han terminado.
para hacer algo. I’ve studied English since 2013.
I’m allowed to wear my own clothes to school. O para acciones o situaciones que ocurrieron en el pasado,
We weren’t allowed to go to the party. pero el momento no está claro o no es relevante.
Daniel has been to London.
Will you be allowed to come with us to Paris?
Empleamos el present perfect con las palabras just, yet,
already, since y for.
Modales de consejo, obligación, prohibición We’ve just had lunch.
y necesidad Empleamos el past simple para acciones acabadas o
Empleamos verbos modales en combinación con otros verbos situaciones que ocurrieron en un momento específico del
para expresar consejo, obligación, prohibición y necesidad. pasado. A menudo empleamos expresiones temporales
como three years ago, last month, yesterday.
Consejo ought to, should, shouldn’t
He took up art lessons a year ago.
Obligación have to, must
Ausencia de don’t have to
obligación Present simple y past simple passive
Necesidad need to Activa Pasiva
Ausencia de don’t need to Presente We film the scenes in The scenes are filmed
necesidad a studio. in a studio.
Prohibición mustn’t They don’t sell the The book isn’t sold
Estos verbos modales van seguidos de un infinitivo sin to. book online. online.
We must go. (NO We must to go.) Pasado He wrote the books The books were
Los verbos modales ought, should y must no tienen forma two years ago. written two years ago.
de tercera persona singular. I didn’t make the video The video wasn’t made
She must go. NO She musts go. with my phone. with my phone.
Uso
A menudo empleamos la pasiva cuando no está claro o no
es relevante quién ha hecho algo.

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Grammar practice

Modals of ability and permission Present perfect and past simple


1 Tick (✓) the correct sentences. 5 Choose the correct option.
1 When I was little, I couldn’t swim. 1 Have you done / Did you do your homework yet?
2 When I’m older, I’ll be able buy my own car. 2 I didn’t sleep / haven’t slept well last night.
3 I don’t can go out on weekdays. 3 Mum has just bought / just bought a new laptop
4 Mum could speak Spanish when she was a child. online.
5 I won’t be able to wear the red dress on Saturday. 4 When did you meet / have you met my sister?
6 Do you will be able to come to the cinema? 5 He already charged / has already charged his phone.

2 Rewrite the sentences with the correct form of can. 6 Complete the text with the correct past simple or
They are allowed to go to bed later on Saturday night. present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
They can go to bed later on Saturday night.
1 I was allowed to wear my own clothes to primary school. In January, I (1)  (decide) to take up a
new sport. Two months later, I (2)  (start)
2 We aren’t allowed to stay in the classroom at lunchtime. cycling! It (3)  (not be) easy! I
(4)  (not manage) to ride up a hill without

stopping yet, but I (5)  (go) down a
3 Joe won’t be allowed to take his PlayStation on holiday.
clothes size! In the summer, I (6)  (join) a

cycling club. At first, I (7)  (not feel) very
4 Jessica is allowed to go to parties at the weekend.
confident. But since I began, the other cyclists
(8)  (invite) me to join in with their rides
and together we (9)  (cycle) through
Modals of advice, obligation, prohibition beautiful countryside. I (10)  (show) that
and necessity anyone can take up a new hobby. Just try it out!

3 Write A (advice), O (obligation), N (necessity), or


P (prohibition) next to the sentences. Present simple and past simple passive
1 You shouldn’t eat so much fast food.  7 Put the words in the correct order to make passive
2 They don’t have to do PE. sentences.
3 You must message me tonight. 1 are / The clothes / online. / sold
4 I don’t need to look at my phone constantly.
5 We ought to charge our phones. 2 free cinema tickets. / was / Everyone / given
6 You mustn’t download anything.
3 a narrator. / The story / told / by / is
4 Complete the sentences with the modals in the box.
have to  must  mustn’t  need to  ought to 4 invited / We / to the party. / weren’t

1 We  take photos in the museum. There’s a 5 was / a 15% discount. / I / offered
sign saying ‘No cameras’.
2 I  go home now or Mum will be angry.
3 Do you  tell someone about your 8 Rewrite the sentences in the passive.
problem? 1 They made the biscuits yesterday.
4 You  wear a seatbelt.
It’s the law. 2 They show the film every Christmas.
5 That dress looks great. You 
buy it. 3 Steven Spielberg directed the film War Horse.

4 Mrs Jackson teaches the students French.

5 They wrote the plot fifteen years ago.

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Vocabulary reference

Verbos: tecnología Adjectivos: tecnología


browse (v) / braʊz / navegar (v.) automatic (adj) /ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk/ automático/a (adj.)
charge (v) /tʃɑːdʒ/ cargar (v.) convenient (adj) /kənˈviːniənt/ conveniente (adj.)
download (v) /ˌdaʊnˈləʊd/ descargar (v.) disposable (adj) /dɪˈspəʊzəbl/ desechable (adj.)
message (v) /ˈmesɪdʒ/ enviar un mensaje (v.) efficient (adj) /ɪˈfɪʃnt/ eficiente (adj.)
plug in (v) /plʌɡ ɪn/ enchufar (v.) fragile (adj) /ˈfrædʒaɪl/ frágil (adj.)
press (v) /pres/ pulsar (v.) good-quality (adj) /ɡʊd ˈkwɒləti/ de buena calidad (expr.)
scroll (v) /skrəʊl/ desplazar (v.) hard-wearing (adj) /ˌhɑːd ˈweərɪŋ/ resistente (adj.)
stream (v) /striːm/ emitir (v.) heavy (adj) /ˈhevi/ pesado/a (adj.)
swipe (v) /swaɪp/ arrastrar el dedo por la impractical (adj) /ɪmˈpræktɪkl/ impráctico/a (adj.)
pantalla (v.) inconvenient (adj) /ˌɪnkənˈviːniənt/ inoportuno/a (adj.)
switch on (v) /swɪtʃ ɒn/ encender (v.) inefficient (adj) /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃnt/ ineficiente (adj.)
tap (v) /tæp/ teclear (v.) lightweight (adj) /ˈlaɪtweɪt/ liviano/a (adj.)
update (v) /ˌʌpˈdeɪt/ actualizar (v.) manual (adj) /ˈmænjuəl/ manual (adj.)
poor-quality (adj) /pɔː(r) ˈkwɒləti/ de mala calidad (expr.)
Phrasal verbs practical (adj) /ˈpræktɪkl/ práctico/a (adj.)
come along (phr v) /kʌm əˈlɒŋ/ venir (v.) reliable (adj) /rɪˈlaɪəbl/ fiable (adj.)
join in (phr v) /dʒɔɪn ɪn/ unirse (v.) reusable (ad) /ˌriːˈjuːzəbl/ reutilizable (adj.)
miss out (phr v) /mɪs aʊt/ perderse una oportunidad (v.) unreliable (adj) /ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ poco fiable (expr.)
pick up (phr v) /pɪk ʌp/ aprender (v.) useful (adj) /ˈjuːsfl/ útil (adj.)
take on (phr v) /teɪk ɒn/ aceptar un desafío (v.) useless (adj) /ˈjuːsləs/ inútil (adj.)
take up (phr v) /teɪk ʌp/ empezar a hacer algo (v.)
try out (phr v) /traɪ aʊt/ probar (v.)
work out (phr v) /wɜːk aʊt/ entrenar (v.)

Beneficencia y acciones solidarias


charity (n) /ˈtʃærəti/ beneficencia (sust.)
donation (n) /dəʊˈneɪʃn/ donación (sust.)
fundraise (v) /ˈfʌndreɪz/ recaudar fondos (v.)
publicize (v) /ˈpʌblɪsaɪz/ anunciar (v.)
sponsor (v) /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ patrocinar (v.)

Adjetivos: opiniones
dull (adj) /dʌl/ soso/a (adj.)
entertaining (adj) /ˌentəˈteɪnɪŋ/ entretenido/a (adj.)
hilarious (adj) /hɪˈleəriəs/ graciosísimo/a (adj.)
original (adj) /əˈrɪdʒənl/ original (adj.)
realistic (adj) /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/ realista (adj.)
terrifying (adj) /ˈterɪfaɪɪŋ/ terrorífico/a (adj.)

98
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Vocabulary practice
1 Match the technology verbs in the box to their 3 Complete the text with the adjectives in the box.
definitions below.
dull entertaining hilarious original realistic terrifying
browse charge message plug in press  
stream swipe switch on tap update One form of technology that has remained a favourite for many
years is the cinema. Today’s cinemas are very different from the (1) 
1 send an SMS ones of the early 20th century, but our habit of sitting
2 hit quickly and lightly together in a dark room to watch a film hasn’t changed. But why is
3 play video or sound from it so (2)  ?
the internet There’s no better place to watch a horror film than in a cinema.
4 connect a piece of electrical When something really (3)  happens, everyone
equipment to an electricity supply reacts in the same way. In the same way, a comedy becomes
5 push (a button) even more (4)  when hundreds of people are all
6 turn on (a light, machine) laughing together. Sitting in front of a big screen with a high-quality
7 move your finger quickly across a sound system makes a film’s events feel more (5) 
phone or tablet screen than watching them on a TV or computer. Whether you choose to
8 pass electricity through something scream, laugh or cry, a trip to the cinema is never (6)   !
9 add the most recent information
10 look for / at information on 4 Choose the correct option.
the internet 1 A reusable / disposable bag is better for the environment.
2 A lightweight / heavy jacket is ideal for winter.
2 Choose the correct option. 3 I need a fragile / hard-wearing VR headset that won't break
Archie Hi, Mr Evans. Would you like to easily.
(1) fundraise / sponsor me? My friends
4 I find large headphones useful / useless because they fall
and I are (2) fundraising / publicizing to off all the time!
buy new sports equipment for our local 5 My last smartwatch was very poor-quality / good-quality
youth club, and we’re doing a 10 km run. and I had lots of problems with it.
Mr Evans Oh yes, I’d be happy to do that, Archie. 6 In a(n) manual / automatic car, you don't have to change
How about £2 a kilometre? What else are the gears yourself.
you doing to (3) publicize / sponsor your
campaign? 5 Translate the sentences.
Archie We’re having a concert. Instead of 1 You have to plug in the computer before you can switch it on!
charging for tickets, people can make
(4) charities / donations to the club.
Would you like to (5) come along / 2 You ought to try out a new sport – you might pick it up really
work out? easily.
Mr Evans I’d love to! Tell me when it is. I don’t want
to (6) miss out / take on!
Archie It’s on Tuesday evening at 7.30. I’m 3 Did she make a donation to the charity or did she fundraise
playing the guitar! for it?
Mr Evans I didn’t know you had (7) joined in /
taken it up!
Archie Well, I decided to (8) miss out / try out 4 I’ve seen a lot of entertaining films recently, but this one is
guitar lessons, and I (9) came along / hilarious!
picked it up really quickly. I’ll see you
on Tuesday, Mr Evans, and thanks for
sponsoring me! 5 In many factories, poor-quality clothes are made on heavy
Mr Evans Bye, Archie. and impractical machines, and then sold for little money in
high street shops.

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1 Unit 1
Grammar reference

Past simple, past continuous y used to Usos


Empleamos el present perfect para hablar de acciones
Past simple
que comenzaron en el pasado, pero tienen resultados
I / You / He / She / It / We / They arrived / didn’t arrive.
en el presente.
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they arrive? Empleamos el present perfect simple cuando queremos
Past continuous centrarnos en el resultado presente de una acción
I / He / She / It was / wasn’t terminada.
talking. También empleamos el present perfect simple para
You / We / They were / weren’t
Was I / he / she / it describir un suceso sin indicar cuándo sucedió.
talking? He’s broken his arm.
Were you / we / they
Empleamos el present perfect continuous cuando
used to queremos centrarnos en el resultado presente de
I / You / He / She / It / We / They used to / go. una acción que comenzó en el pasado y continúa en
didn’t use to progreso.
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they use to go? It’s been raining for hours.
Usos
Empleamos el past simple para hablar de acciones que Present perfect con for y since
terminaron en el pasado.
Usos
I ate cereal for breakfast this morning.
Empleamos for y since con el present perfect.
Empleamos el past continuous para hablar de una acción en
Empleamos for y una expresión temporal para mostrar
progreso en un momento concreto del pasado.
cuánto tiempo ha pasado desde que comenzó la
At half past seven, I was having breakfast.
acción.
Empleamos el past simple y el past continuous en la misma
I’ve lived here for three years.
oración cuando una acción interrumpe otra. Normalmente
Empleamos since con una fecha o suceso pasado y el
empleamos while con el past continuous y when con el past
present perfect para describir cuándo comenzó una
simple.
acción o situación.
While we were walking to school, it started to snow.
Dad has had his own clothes shop since 2010.
I was walking to school when it started to snow.
You’ve worn those shoes every day since you bought
Used to + infinitivo sin to hace referencia a hábitos (acciones
them!
repetidas) o estados del pasado que ya no son ciertos.
A menudo empleamos for y since con verbos de
I used to have blond hair.  I didn’t use to eat fish.
estado. Estos verbos describen estados que continúan
durante cierto tiempo, por ejemplo like, know, want.
Present perfect simple y present perfect Como describen estados y no acciones, en estos casos
continuous empleamos el present perfect simple y no el present
perfect continuous.
Present perfect simple
I’ve wanted my own laptop for years!
I / You / We / They have / haven’t We’ve known Jenna since 2015.
left.
He / She / It has / hasn’t Joe has liked Fallout Boy since he saw them at a
Have I / you / we / they festival.
left?
Has he / she / it
Present perfect continuous
I / You / We / They have / haven’t
been working.
He / She / It has / hasn’t
Have I / you / we / they been
working?
Has he / she / it

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1
Grammar practice

Past simple, past continuous and used to Present perfect simple and present
1 Choose the correct option. perfect continuous
1 I was browsing online when / while I found this cool video. 4 Complete the sentences with the correct
2 While she was volunteering for a charity, she decided / present perfect simple or continuous form of
was deciding to start her own. the verbs.
3 Where were you going when / while you heard the noise? 1 We  (watch) this film for
4 While he travelled / was travelling in South Africa, he visited one hour and nothing interesting has happened
Kruger National Park. yet.
5 They received help from some very big-hearted people when / 2 I can’t come to orchestra practice today. I 
while they were recovering from the disaster. (forget) to bring my violin
6 Did you see us while you walked / were walking by the river? to school.
3 My dad loves The Rolling Stones. He 
2 Rewrite the words in bold with used to. (see) them in concert
1 We (lived)  in London.
seven times!
2 I (didn’t like)  cheese.
4 You should have a break now. You 
3 They (went travelling)  every summer.
(work) since this morning.
4 She (had)  a cat.
5 This traffic is awful. We 
5 You (didn’t like)  Maroon 5.
(drive) for hours and we’ve only travelled twenty
6 He (walked)  to school every day.
kilometres.
3 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs. Use
the past simple, past continuous or used to. Write only one Present perfect simple and present
word in each gap. perfect continuous with for and since
5 Complete the sentences with for or since.
1 They’ve been homeless  many
less
As a child, Jonas Corona used to help the home years.
with his mother. But although Jonas was only four 2 She’s been volunteering with us 
years old, he was very caring and was shocked at 2019.
what he (1)  seeing. It was terrible that 3 You’ve wanted that dress  you saw
adults were (2)  (live) without a home. it in the shop.
But children (3)  suffering, too. 4 Sam and Ana have been going out 
(4) the party.
Jonas and his mother used to   5 I haven’t felt so happy  months!
(volunteer) with different homeless charities. But 6 We’ve been waiting for you  an
strict rules only allowed children to volunteer one hour.
day a month. The courageous young boy
(5)  wonder what might happen if he 6 Write sentences with the prompts. Use the
,
had his own charity. So, with the help of his mum present perfect simple and for or since.
Jonas (6)   (start) a charity called Love 1 we / know / John / 2015
in the Mirror.
Soon Jonas was (7)  (make) his own 2 Dad / had / the same coat / twenty years
rules, and (8)  helping the homeless as
much as he wanted. He
(9)   (organize) 3 you / live / here / you were born
to
events to give them food and clothes, and toys
children who didn’t have any of their own. Today 4 I / not eat / any chocolate / two weeks
Jonas’s charity has grown enormously: through his
le.
selfless actions, Jonas has helped over 45,000 peop 5 Emma / not speak / to Max / her birthday party

101
1
Vocabulary reference

1.1 Adjetivos: personalidad 1.4 Expresiones útiles


big-hearted (adj) /ˌbɪɡ ˈhɑːtɪd/ de gran corazón (expr.) Mostrar interés y decepción
caring (adj) /ˈkeərɪŋ/ solícito/a (adj.) Mostrar interés/falta de interés
courageous (adj) /kəˈreɪdʒəs/ valiente (adj.) I’m quite / not really interested in … (-ing / what / how +
cruel (adj) /ˈkruːəl/ cruel (adj.) frase)
dependable (adj) /dɪˈpendəbl/ fiable (adj.) Estoy bastante interesado/a en... / No estoy muy interesado/a
modest (adj) /ˈmɒdɪst/ modesto/a (adj.) en...
optimistic (adj) /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ optimista (adj.)
... really fascinates me ... me apasiona.
outgoing (adj) /ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ/ extrovertido/a (adj.)
responsible (adj) /rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ responsable (adj.) ... really appeals / doesn’t (really) appeal to me
selfless (adj) /ˈselfləs/ altruista (adj.) ... (no) me llama (mucho) la atención.
supportive (adj) /səˈpɔːtɪv/ comprensivo/a (adj.) I’d love to … Me encantaría...
sympathetic (adj) /ˌsɪmpəˈθetɪk/ compasivo/a (adj.) Mostrar satisfacción
I’m really pleased with … Estoy muy satisfecho/a con...
1.1 Más vocabulario It was money / time well spent!
current (n) /ˈkʌrənt/ corriente (sust.) Es dinero / tiempo bien invertido.
draw (n) /drɔː/ sorteo (sust.) That’s a great result. Es un gran resultado.
gesture (n) /ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ gesto (sust.)
I just love +ing. Me encanta.
panic (n) /ˈpænɪk/ pánico (sust.)
raffle (n) /ˈræfl/ sorteo (sust.) Expresar decepción
salary (n) /ˈsæləri/ sueldo (sust.) I’m a bit disappointed with …
Estoy un poco decepcionado/a con...
1.2 Colocaciones: get y make It was a waste of time / effort / money.
get better (v) /ɡet ˈbetə(r)/ mejorar (v.) Ha sido una pérdida de tiempo / esfuerzo / dinero.
get involved (v) /ɡet ɪnˈvɒlvd/ involucrarse (v.) Expresar esperanza
get permission (v) /ɡet pəˈmɪʃn/ tener permiso (v.) It’d be better if … made / could …
get the feeling (v) /ɡet ðə ˈfiːlɪŋ/ tener la sensación de Sería mejor si... hiciese/pudiese...
que (v.) It’ll be great when … Será genial cuando...
get things done (v) /ɡet θɪŋz dʌn/ hacer las cosas (v.)
I really hope … Espero de verdad que...
get used to (v) /ɡet juːsd tuː/ acostumbrarse (v.)
make a promise (v) /meɪk ə ˈprɒmɪs/ prometer (v.) Hopefully, I’ll … Con suerte, ...
make an effort (v) /meɪk ən ˈefət/ esforzarse (v.)
make an impression (v) causar una impresión (v.)
/meɪk ən ɪmˈpreʃn/
make the most of (v) aprovechar al máximo (v.)
/meɪk ðə məʊst əv/

102
1
Vocabulary practice
1 Put the letters in order to make adjectives to 3 Complete the text with the words in the box.
complete the sentences.
1 P better cruel get  involved gesture optimistic
A T H T panic  selfless  sympathetic
I
S Y CY
E M
When a child is feeling upset, they need someone who

Childline
will be  to their problems.
2 S S
N O
R I P (1) place
E E B L The world can seem like a  
talk to, esp ecially
when you haven’t got anyone to
Alex is a  boy who always makes UK cha rity
if you’re a child. But since 1986, the
sure other people are OK. the opportunity
Childline has given young people )
3 ( 2 
D E M to discuss their problems with a
ed or suffering
S O T adult. If a child is worried, depress
from a (3)  attack, they can phone,
Mia is a brilliant tennis player, but she’s very  rity’s volunteers,
email or chat online with the cha
need. Many
about her talents. who can then get them the help they
e
4 L U people who volunteer with Childlin
R E C (4)  because they see the problems
a (5) 
young people are facing today. It’s
Why did you ruin Noah’s painting? That was a  (6) that can
and very important  
thing to do. n. In turn, a lot
improve the lives of many childre
5 started to get
E O C U O of children say that their situations
S
R U A G (7)  after they called Childline. Thanks
now feel more
to the charity, these children can
Eliza has faced many problems in her life, but she’s a (8)  about their futu res.
very  young woman.
6
B 4 Translate the sentences.
L E 1 In the last few weeks, our supportive and caring
P E N volunteers have been getting things done.
D E D A
I need a  friend who I can rely on!
2 While the homeless woman was sitting outside the
2 Choose the correct option. shop, a selfless young man gave her all his money.
1 I’m sorry to hear you’re ill. I hope you get better /
involved soon.
2 Sam doesn’t like his new school uniform, but he’ll soon 3 Sarah is an outgoing girl who has made a fantastic
get the feeling / used to it. impression on people.
3 This might be the only sunny day this week. Let’s make
a promise / the most of it!
4 You need to get permission / things done to use the 4 I’ve wanted to get involved in charity work for a long
school gym. time.
5 I get better / the feeling something strange is
happening!
6 I enjoyed meeting Javier. He really made an effort / 5 My current salary is very low, but I make the most of
an impression on me! what I’ve got!

103
2 Unit 2
Grammar reference

Past simple y past perfect simple Con sustantivos incontables


Past perfect There is / isn’t enough water.
I / You / He / She / It / We / They had / eaten. There was little traffic on the road.
hadn’t There’s a little ice cream.
Had I / you / he / she / it / we / eaten? We’ve lots of / plenty of time to relax.
they I’ve got too much work.
Formamos el past perfect simple con had y el participio Usos
pasado. La forma es la misma para todas las personas. Cantidades grandes
Uso Empleamos lots of y plenty of para hablar de cantidades
Empleamos el past perfect simple para mostrar la relación grandes. Son expresiones un poco menos formales que a
entre dos acciones pasadas. Indica que una acción (en past lot of.
perfect) ocurrió antes que la otra (en past simple). Normalmente empleamos plenty of para referirnos a
When I arrived at the station, the train had left. cosas positivas.
He bought the car because he’d seen an advert for it. Don’t worry! We’ve got plenty of time.
Lots of es neutral, puede hacer referencia a cosas buenas
enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, plenty of, o malas.
too many, too much I got lots of great presents for my birthday.
There are lots of accidents on this road.
Con sustantivos contables en plural
Podemos emplear a lot of en oraciones negativas para
We have / haven’t got enough glasses. enfatizar una cantidad pequeña, pero no es habitual que
There were few cars on the road. las expresiones lots of o plenty of se empleen de esta
I’ve got a few sweets. manera.
I met lots of / plenty of nice people. I don’t eat a lot of meat.
I’ve got too many things to do. Cantidades excesivas
Usos Empleamos too many y too much para hablar de
Cantidades suficientes e insuficientes cantidades grandes de forma negativa, para decir
Podemos emplear enough en oraciones afirmativas para que son demasiado grandes. Empleamos too many
hablar acerca de una cantidad suficiente de algo. con sustantivos contables en plural y too much con
There are enough chairs for everyone. sustantivos incontables.
There’s enough time. I think there are too many advertisements on TV.
También podemos emplear enough en oraciones negativas There’s too much salt in this soup. It tastes horrible.
para hablar de una cantidad insuficiente.
There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.
There isn’t enough time.
Cantidades pequeñas
Empleamos few y little para hablar de cantidades pequeñas
de manera negativa. Empleamos few con sustantivos
contables en plural y little con sustantivos incontables.
Few people shopped there so they made little money.
Sin embargo, cuando empleamos el artículo indefinido a,
antes de few y little, el significado cambia. Empleamos a
few y a little para hablar de cantidades pequeñas de forma
positiva.
We saw a few good bands at the festival.
104 There was a little sunshine at lunchtime.
2
Grammar practice

Past simple and past perfect simple enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, plenty of,
1 Underline the action in bold which happened first. too many, too much
1 I saw the film that you’d recommended. 4 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
2 We met a boy who had designed a really cool app.
3 He’d lost the receipt so he couldn’t get his money enough enough little plenty 
of too 
many
back. too much
4 I took the 9.07 train because I’d missed the 8.37.
1 There’s a mistake on my receipt. You’ve charged me 
5 Because we hadn’t brought a map, we got lost.
money.
2 Put the words in order to make sentences. 2 Don’t buy those shoes. You’ve got  to fit
in your wardrobe!
3 Shops are worried because consumers aren’t spending 
money this year.
4 The quietest time of day is early morning, when there’s 
traffic on the road.
5 The shops don’t shut till 10 p.m. We’ve got 
time!
6 I’ve been saving up for weeks and now I’ve got 
money to buy those new boots!

5 Choose the correct option to complete the text.

HOME  NEWS  ARTICLES  DOWNLOADS

1 went / tried / I / croissants / hadn’t / until / to France (1) Lots of / Enough people say that there are too
I   . (2) much / many advertisements directed at children
2 had / got / he’d / a shower / he / dressed these days. They argue that advertisers have too
(3) many / much influence on children who have (4) little /
After   .
3 already / the station / had / I / at / my train / arrived / a little power to resist their sophisticated techniques.
left Although this is a common opinion, (5) a few / a little
By the time   . education experts disagree. Martyn Hopkins, a primary
4 didn’t take / my camera / I / any photos / forgotten / so school head teacher, believes that children need (6) a
I’d   . little / plenty of opportunities to see advertisements
5 complained / stopped / the advert / because / and learn from them. ‘It’s the only way to discover how
they work,’ says
people / had / about it / broadcasting
Mr Hopkins. ‘If
They   
children have
 . (7) few / little

contact with
3 Complete the sentences with the past simple or past
advertising,
perfect simple form of the verbs in brackets.
they won’t have
1 The consumers  (claim) that the (8) enough / lots of
company  (not advertise) its
experience to resist
products correctly.
it as successfully as
2 The company  (promote) the
adults.’
products that  (be) less popular.
3 Customers who bought the cream quickly 
(realize) that the salesman 
(exaggerate) its benefits!
4 The shop  (not close) until the last
customer  (leave).

105
2
Vocabulary reference

2.1 Verbos: publicidad 2.4 Expresiones útiles


advertise (v) /ˈædvətaɪz/ publicitar (v.) Describir cualidades y talentos personales
appeal (v) /əˈpiːl / atraer (v.) Describir cualidades personales
appear (v) /əˈpɪə(r)/ aparecer (v.) I consider myself to be (+ adjetivo). Me considero...
broadcast (v) /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/ emitir (v.)
I’m passionate about (+ -ing / sustantivo) Me apasiona...
claim (v) /kleɪm/ sostener (v.)
exaggerate (v) /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ exagerar (v.) I’m quite patient. Soy bastante paciente.
influence (v) /ˈɪnfluəns/ influenciar (v.) I do a lot of (+ -ing / sustantivo) Dedico mucho tiempo a...
inform (v) /ɪnˈfɔːm/ informar (v.) I absolutely love (+ -ing / sustantivo) Me encanta...
manipulate (v) /məˈnɪpjʊleɪt/ manipular (v.) I’m a dedicated (+ sustantivo) Soy un/a... dedicado/a.
promote (v) /prəˈməʊt/ promocionar (v.) Describir talentos y habilidades
recommend (v) /ˌrekəˈmend/ recomendar (v.)
I like to think I’m (+ adjetivo) Me gusta pensar que soy...
I’m good at / with … Se me da bien...
2.1 Más vocabulario
content (n) /ˈkɒntent/ contenido (sust.) I’ve got a good eye for detail.
credibility (n) /ˌkredəˈbɪləti/ credibilidad (sust.) Tengo buen ojo para los detalles.
fame and fortune (n) fama y fortuna (sust.) … isn’t / going to be a problem for me.
/feɪm ənd ˈfɔːtʃuːn/ … para mí no es/será un problema.
mass appeal (n) /mæs əˈpiːl/ gran aceptación (sust.) My teacher(s) has / have been really impressed with / by …
storyline (n) /ˈstɔːrilaɪn/ trama (sust.) Mi profesor/a se ha quedado muy impresionado/a con / por...
subscriber (n) /səbˈskraɪbə(r)/ suscriptor (sust.) Describir experiencia
I’ve picked up a lot of valuable experience with …
2.2 Ir de compras He adquirido una experiencia muy valiosa con...
bargain (n, v) /ˈbɑːɡən / ganga (sust.), regatear (v.) I’ve been …-ing for … years / months.
bid (n, v) /bɪd/ puja (sust.), pujar (v.) Me he dedicado a... durante... años / meses.
browse (v) / braʊz / navegar (v.)
browser (n) /ˈbraʊzə(r)/ navegador (sust.)
charge (n, v) /tʃɑːdʒ/ carga (sust.), cargar (v.)
consume (v) /kənˈsjuːm/ consumir (v.)
consumer (n) /kənˈsjuːmə(r)/ consumidor (sust.)
purchase (n, v) /ˈpɜːtʃəs/ compra (sust.), comprar (v.)
refund (n, v) /ˈriːfʌnd/, /rɪˈfʌnd/ reembolso (sust.),
reembolsar (v.)
select (v) /sɪˈlekt/ seleccionar (v.)
selection (n) /sɪˈlekʃn/ selección (sust.)
supplier (n) /səˈplaɪə(r)/ proveedor (sust.)
supply (v) /səˈplaɪ/ proveer (v.)

106
2
Vocabulary practice
1 Find ten advertising verbs in the wordsearch. Then 3 Complete the text with the words in the box.
complete the sentences below with the correct
verbs. appealed bargain bid consumer influence
promote  purchase  suppliers
E I N F L U E N C E
X A M C S A N Q M C
A D V E R T I S E L (1) knows the power of
Every sensible  
to (2) 
G P O J A M N J T A advertisements and promotions
sider their effect on
our spending. But we rarely con
G M P A Q T F P A I . Some years ago, two
the companies who make them
own British vacuum
E O W E M W O S O M marketing executives at a well-kn
had had a brilliant idea.
cleaner company thought they
R T S P A S R A M C
In a (3)  to increase sales, they offered
ope with every
A P C R N L M C J A two free flights to the USA or Eur
0+.
(4)  of a vacuum cleaner costing £10
T B R O A D C A S T (5) to the
Not surprisingly, the offer  
to buy vac uum
E C J M N A O M P Q masses, and people rushed out
t for two flights was an
cleaners. The relatively small cos
R E C O M M E N D T absolute (6  
)  . In total, 200,000 vacuum
the (7) 
W S O T T P C A C W cleaners were bought, more than
£30 million earned
could cope with. Worse still, the
d to the £50 million
A P P E A R M A S O in sales was nothing compare
airlin es. This disaster is
the company had to pay the
e in the advertising
1 We  this product because it works faster an important reminder to everyon
than the others. ( 8)  something
industry: you should never
the pro duc t itself!
2 Adverts should never  a product’s positive with an offer that costs more than
qualities.
3 It costs more to  an advert during a
popular TV programme.
4 Translate the sentences.
1 I went back to the shop when I realized they had
4 Companies  their products on TV, the
charged me too much money.
radio and online.

5 Some products  more attractive to

younger age groups.
2 I do a lot of reading, so I can recommend plenty of good
6 Some companies  their products are
books.
better than they really are.

2 Complete the table. Then tick (✓) the nouns that can
refer to people. 3 When you said this shop was expensive, you weren’t
exaggerating!
Verb Noun
(1)  bid
(2)  consumer 4 Before she found fame and fortune on TV, she’d only
made a few adverts!
(3)  browser
(4)  selection
5 The shop didn’t give me a refund for the shoes because
(5)  supplier
I’d already worn them.

107
3 Unit 3
Grammar reference

La pasiva: pasado, presente y futuro Pronombres reflexivos, pronombres


Present simple passive enfáticos, each other y one another
sujeto + am / is / are + participio Pronombres reflexivos/enfáticos
pasado
Singular Plural
Energy is (isn’t) saved.
I myself We ourselves
Past simple passive You yourself You yourselves
sujeto + was / were + participio
He himself They themselves
pasado
She herself
Energy was (wasn’t) saved.
It itself
Future passive
Usos
sujeto + will be + participio
A menudo empleamos pronombres reflexivos como objeto
pasado
de un verbo cuando el sujeto y el objeto son la misma cosa
Energy will (won’t) be saved. o persona.
sujeto + am / is / are going to be + participio The body repairs itself. (sujeto = the body; objeto = the
pasado body)
Energy is (isn’t) going to be saved. El inglés emplea menos pronombres reflexivos que
Usos las lenguas romances. En muchos casos, en inglés no
A menudo empleamos la pasiva cuando no está claro o no empleamos un pronombre reflexivo, aunque la acción sea
es relevante quién ha hecho algo. algo que te haces a ti mismo.
According to police, the cakes were stolen from the bakery brush your teeth (NO brush yourself your teeth)
last night. (No sabemos quién las robó.)
get dressed (NO get yourself dressed)
More calories are burned during exercise. (No es
importante quién las quemó) Los pronombres enfáticos tienen la misma forma que los
pronombres reflexivos. Los empleamos para indicar que
Sin embargo, a veces se incluye el agente (la cosa o
determinada persona o cosa han realizado la acción. En
persona que hace algo) cuando empleamos la pasiva. Para
este caso, no es el objeto del verbo, pero suele colocarse
indicar el agente, empleamos by.
después del objeto.
Vitamins were discovered in 1912 by Casimir Funk.
He designed this app himself. (Sujeto = he; objeto = this
(agente = Casimir Funk)
app)
Nutrients are absorbed by the body. (agente = the body)
También empleamos by + pronombre reflexivo para indicar
que alguien está solo, sin compañía o sin ayuda.
I went on holiday by myself. (= sin compañía)
We made this pizza by ourselves. (= sin ayuda)
Empleamos each other y one another para hablar de
acciones recíprocas. A le hace algo a B y B le hace lo mismo
a A.
Pablo and Maite talk to each other / one another.
= Pablo talks to Maite and Maite talks to Pablo.
Each other y one another tienen el mismo significado.

108
3
Grammar practice

The passive – past, present and future Reflexive pronouns, emphatic pronouns,
1 Write the agent (the person or thing responsible for each other and one another
the action) in each sentence or write 0 if the agent 4 Choose the correct option.
isn’t mentioned.
The umbrella was first invented by the Chinese in 3,500 BC.
the Chinese 100%

1 Sugar was used as a preservative by the Ancient Greeks.  Holly


online

2 Potatoes weren’t eaten in Europe until 1536.  Holly


Did you go to that talk about healthy
3 This delicious cake was made by my grandmother.  eating yesterday? Georgia and I were
talking to (1) each other / ourselves
4 Our bodies are repaired while we sleep.  about it afterwards.
Jesse
5 What types of food will be eaten in the future?  Yes, I did. I really enjoyed it.
What did you think?
Holly
2 Rewrite the verb forms in bold in the passive to Well, Georgia already eats all the right food
complete the sentences. and does a lot of sport – and does it all
(2) herself / himself without anyone telling
1 We give the animals a balanced diet.
her. But it made me realize how bad I am.
The animals  a balanced
Jesse
diet.
I think you take care of (3) yourself /
2 She’s going to repair my skateboard next week. yourselves really well. But we could
My skateboard  next week. all do better! I’ve seen a cookery
3 She performed the song on live TV. course that looks good. It only uses
organic food. Then we can prepare
The song  on live TV.
all our meals (4) one another /
4 They’re going to sell organic meals at our school next ourselves! Are you interested?
year.
Holly
Organic meals  at our (5) one
Yes! We can go with another /
school next year. myself! I really want to learn more
5 They won’t release the film soon. about healthy eating, but I don’t want to
The film  soon. have to do it all (6) by myself / by yourself!

3 Write questions in the passive to complete the


mini-dialogues. Use the answers to help you.
A each year by teenagers? 5 Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive
How many sugary drinks are drunk or emphatic pronoun or each other / one another.
B Enough sugary drinks are drunk to fill a bath! Then tick (✓) the sentences which contain
1 A leather? reflexive verbs.
B No, my bag is made of plastic! 1 We looked at  and realized we were
2 A our exam results? wearing the same dress.
B You’ll be given them soon. 2 Are you OK, Phil? Have you hurt  ?
3 A to the party? 3 I’ve never been to the cinema by   .
B Yes, we were invited to the party! 4 There are so many people here! We’ll never find 
4 A  ? if we get separated.
B These delicious cakes are made in Germany. 5 I can’t believe your brother painted that picture 
5 A  ?  . It’s amazing!
B All this delicious cheese is going to be thrown away 6 The lights switch  on when
because it’s gone past its sell-by date! they detect movement.

109
3
Vocabulary reference

3.1 Sustantivos: nutrición 3.4 Expresiones útiles


additive (n) /ˈædətɪv/ aditivo (sust.) Pedir y dar información
amount (n) /əˈmaʊnt/ cantidad (sust.) Pedir información
calorie (n) /ˈkæləri/ caloría (sust.) Could / Can you explain to me how it works / what it involves?
carbohydrate (n) /ˌkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt/ carbohidrato (sust.) ¿Podrías/Puedes explicarme cómo funciona / en qué
fat (n) /fæt/ grasa (sust.) consiste? 
fibre (n) /ˈfaɪbə(r)/ fibra (sust.)
Could / Can you tell me how / a bit more about …?
mineral (n) /ˈmɪnərəl/ mineral (sust.)
¿Podrías/Puedes explicarme cómo / un poco más sobre...?
nutrient (n) /ˈnjuːtriənt/ nutriente (sust.)
preservative (n) /prɪˈzɜːvətɪv/ conservante (sust.) I’d like to know what …? ¿Me gustaría saber qué...? 
protein (n) /ˈprəʊtiːn/ proteína (sust.) Is it possible to …? ¿Es posible...? 
serving (n) /ˈsɜːvɪŋ/ ración (sust.) Dar información
vitamin (n) /ˈvɪtəmɪn/ vitamina (sust.) I’d like to explain … Me gustaría explicar... 
Let me explain how it works.
3.1 Más vocabulario Déjame que te explique cómo funciona. 
balanced (adj) /ˈbælənst/ equilibrado/a (adj.)
What they all do is … Lo que hacen es... 
delicious (adj) /dɪˈlɪʃəs/ delicioso/a (adj.)
If you look at …, you’ll see … Si miras..., verás... 
gratifying (adj) /ˈɡrætɪfaɪɪŋ/ gratificante (adj.)
mouth-watering (adj) que hace la boca agua Have a look at / on … to see more details.
/ˈmaʊθ wɔːtərɪŋ/ (expr.)  Echa un vistazo a/en... para más detalles. 
processed (adj) /prəˈsest/ procesado/a (adj.) Some of them …, while others …
varied (adj) /ˈveərid/ variado/a (adj.) Algunos..., mientras que otros... 
One really important thing I should point out is that …
3.2 Verbos: cómo funcionan las cosas Una cosa muy importante que hay que destacar es que... 
absorb (v) /əbˈsɔːb /, / əbˈzɔːb/ absorber (v.) This not only (+ verbo), but also …
boost (v) /buːst/ estimular (v.) No solo es..., sino también... 
consume (v) /kənˈsjuːm/ consumir (v.)
crash (v) /kræʃ/ bloquear (v.)
perform (v) /pəˈfɔːm/ rendir (v.)
process (v) /ˈprəʊses/ procesar (v.)
release (v) /rɪˈliːs/ liberar (v.)
repair (v) /rɪˈpeə(r)/ reparar (v.)
rest (v) /rest/ descansar (v.)
transport (v) /trænˈspɔːt/ transportar (v.)

110
3
Vocabulary practice
1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. 3 Use the sentences to complete the crossword.
1 2
amount calories preservatives protein serving
vitamin 3 4

1 A teenager needs between 2,200 and 3,100  5


a day.
2 C is found in fruit, for example
strawberries, oranges and mangoes.
3 A healthy daily  of ice cream is around
6
one cup.
4 We should all limit the  of sugar in our
food and drinks.
7
5 Organic food goes bad faster because it doesn’t contain 
 . 8
6 helps muscle, bone, skin and blood
production and is found in eggs, cheese, meat and fish.

2 Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.

Understanding sleep
Across
Sleep has a major impact on our quality of life. It is well 1 I try to eat only one  of chocolate a day!
known that unless we (1)  properly, we have less 5 Some   , for example colours and
energy and become less able to (2)  everyday tasks. preservatives, are very bad for you.
In the worst instances, a lack of sleep can cause our
6 The average teenager doesn’t  enough
bodies to (3)   . So how does sleep work?
vegetables!
When we fall asleep, our bodies enter a cycle that repeats 8 Most people would agree that a slice of pizza is 
itself every 90 minutes or so. First is NREM (non-rapid  .
eye movement) sleep. Our breathing becomes slower, Down
hormones are (4)  and more blood is (5)  2 A cheeseburger doesn’t contain many essential 
to the muscles. This allows our bodies to grow, and any  .
damage to be (6)   . 3 It’s important to eat a varied and  diet.
However, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep produces the 4 A healthy diet and a good night’s sleep help you to 
energy we need for the following day. During this part well during the day.
of the cycle, the brain is actively (7)  information 7 Food containing carbohydrates, for example brown
that we have (8)  during the day; perhaps not bread and pasta, can really  your energy
surprisingly, it is in this phase that dreams occur. It is levels.
believed that both kinds of sleep are crucial, but that the
REM phase really (9)  the performance of the brain 4 Translate the sentences.
as well as the body. 1 Nutrients are absorbed into the body.

1 A rest B absorb C consume
2 The muscle needs time to repair itself.
2 A crash B perform C process

3 A absorb B boost C crash
3 This mouth-watering recipe was created by my sister.
4 A boosted B repaired C released

5 A processed B transported C rested
4 I don’t allow myself any processed food.
6 A crashed B repaired C processed

7 A processing B boosting C transporting
5 I think that more organic food will be consumed in the
8 A absorbed B rested C released
future.
9 A crashes B boosts C consumes

111
4 Unit 4
Grammar reference

Primer y segundo condicional If I were you …


Primer condicional If I were you, I’d get out I’d get out more often if I
If / Unless + present simple will / won’t + infinitivo more often. were you.
If you do yoga, you’ll feel more relaxed. If I were Javier, I’d cut down I’d cut down on my use of
on my use of electronic electronic devices if I were
will / won’t + infinitivo if / unless + present simple
devices. Javier.
You’ll feel more relaxed if you do yoga.
Uso
Segundo condicional Empleamos la frase if I were you para dar consejo. Te
If / Unless + past simple, would / wouldn’t + infinitivo imaginas en la situación de otra persona y dices lo que
Unless I was very hungry I wouldn’t eat blue food. harías si estuvieses en esa situación.
would / wouldn’t + infinitivo if / unless + past simple If I were you, I’d try to calm down.
I wouldn’t eat blue food unless I was very hungry. I’d slow down a bit if I were Helena.
Formamos oraciones condicionales con una cláusula
condicional (que comienza por if o unless) y una cláusula
de consecuencia.
Tercer condicional
El orden de las dos cláusulas no es importante, el If / Unless + past perfect, would / wouldn’t + have +
significado de la oración no varía. Normalmente separamos participio pasado
las cláusulas con una coma si la cláusula condicional es la If he’d worn trainers, he’d have run faster.
que va primero: would / wouldn’t + have + if / unless + past perfect
If you wore yellow, you’d feel more cheerful. participio pasado
Sin embargo, es poco habitual emplear una coma si la He’d have run faster if he’d worn trainers.
cláusula de consecuencia es la que comienza la oración: Usos
You’d feel more cheerful if you wore yellow. Empleamos el tercer condicional para hablar acerca de una
Unless + verbo en afirmativa significa lo mismo que If + situación que fue posible en el pasado, pero no ocurrió.
verbo en negativa. If I’d trained harder, I would have won the race.
Unless you work out, you won’t have any energy. = If you (Podría haber entrenado más, pero no lo hice, así que no
don’t work out, you won’t have any energy. gané la carrera.)
Usos I would have bought that phone unless you’d recommended
Empleamos el primer condicional para hablar acerca de this one.
posibles situaciones futuras. (Podría haberme comprado aquel teléfono, pero me
If we lose our next match, we won’t win the cup. compré este porque tú me lo recomendaste.)
(Es posible que perdamos el partido.)
Empleamos el segundo condicional para hablar de
situaciones imaginarias o hipotéticas.
If you were an Olympic swimmer, what would you eat?
(No eres nadador olímpico, así que es una situación
imaginaria.)

112
4
Grammar practice

First and second conditional Third conditional


1 Are the sentences in the first or second conditional? 4 Complete the text with the third conditional form of
Write 1 or 2. the verbs in brackets. Use contracted forms where
1 What would you do if you were the possible.
Prime Minister? 
2 He’ll be really happy if he finishes the race.
3 We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard.
4 If she took up a sport, she wouldn’t be so bored In 2017, Billy Monger, a young British racing driver, was
racing at Donington Park. Billy had had a good year behind
after school. 
the wheel, and was keen to do well. But on this fateful day,
5 If you were in my situation, what would you do? Billy didn’t finish. Instead a series of devastating events took
place that changed his life forever.
2 Choose the correct option.
If Billy (1)  (not be) in the race,
1 What do / will we do if we don’t go out?
he (2)  (not have) a terrible
2 Would you take / took up a sport if you had more time? accident. If he (3)  (see) the
3 If I cut / will cut down on sugar, I’ll feel much healthier. car in front of him, he (4) 
4 If Grandpa got out more, he ’d liven / livened up. (not crash) into it and lost both his legs. But if Billy
(5)  (not have) a fantastic attitude
5 We’d all feel more relaxed if we all slowed / would slow
to life, he (6)   (not make) such
down.
an amazing recovery.
6 You ’ll loosen / would loosen up faster if you do these
Today, 19-year-old Billy lives with his mum, dad and sister.
stretching exercises.
Perhaps, if he (7)  (not become)
disabled, he (8)   (move out) by
now – maybe to a European City or somewhere in the USA.
But there are many positive things, too. Perhaps, if his life
(9)  (turn out) differently, he
(10)  (not receive) a special
award for his incredible bravery, and he
(11)  (not spend) time with his
idol, Lewis Hamilton.
Life is full of ifs, but Billy doesn’t look back. The courageous
teenager returned to racing only months after his accident
and won. Today, everyone knows Billy Monger’s name.

5 Write sentences and questions with the prompts.


Use the third conditional.
3 Rewrite the sentences with If I were … and the 1 I / listen / if / she / open up
second conditional form of the verb phrases below.
2 if / you / eat / those cakes / you / have / an allergic
cut down  loosen up first  open up more
slow down  take up singing reaction? 

Joe finds it hard to talk about his problems.
If I were Joe, I’d open up more. 3 he / play / in the match / if / he / not hurt / his ankle
1 I eat two bars of chocolate every day.

2 Amelia is doing too much and she’s very tired. 4 she / have / a sore back / she / not lift / those heavy
weights? 
3 I’ve got an exercise class after school.

4 Mario wants to try out a new hobby. 5 they / get / out more / they / meet / more people

113
4
Vocabulary reference

4.1 Phrasal verbs: bienestar 4.4 Expresiones útiles


calm (sb) down (phr v) /kɑːm daʊn/ calmar (a alguien) (v.) Pedir y dar consejo
cheer (sb) up (phr v) /tʃɪə(r) ʌp/ animar (a alguien) (v.) Pedir consejo
cut down (phr v) /ˈkʌt daʊn/ reducir (v.) Would you suggest (+ -ing)? ¿Qué sugerirías...? 
get out (phr v) /ˈɡet aʊt/ salir (v.)
What if …? ¿Y si...? 
join in (phr v) /ˈdʒɔɪn ɪn/ unirse (v.)
liven up (phr v) /ˈlaɪvn ʌp/ animar (v.) What would you do if you were me?
loosen up (phr v) /ˈluːsn ʌp/ relajarse (v.) ¿Qué harías si estuvieses en mi lugar? 
open up (phr v) /ˈəʊpən ʌp/ abrirse (v.) Dar consejo
set (sb) up (phr v) /ˈset ʌp/ preparar (v.) Make sure you … Acuérdate de... 
slow down (phr v) /ˈsləʊ daʊn/ frenar (v.) You should / shouldn’t … (+ infinitivo sin to)
stress (sb) out (phr v) /ˈstres aʊt/ estresar (v.) Deberías / No deberías... 
take up (phr v) /ˈteɪk ʌp/ empezar (a hacer algo) (v.)
If I were you, I’d … (+ infinitivo sin to)
Si estuviese en tu lugar,... 
4.1 Más vocabulario You ought to … (+ infinitivo sin to) Deberías... 
antidote (n) /ˈæntidəʊt/ antídoto (sust.)
If you do that, you’ll … (+ infinitivo sin to) Si haces eso, ... 
matter (n) /ˈmætə(r)/ cuestión (sust.)
mood (n) /muːd/ humor (sust.) Why don’t you … (+ infinitivo sin to)? ¿Por qué no...? 
session (n) /ˈseʃn/ sesión (sust.) My advice would be to … (+ infinitivo sin to)
treatment (n) /ˈtriːtmənt/ tratamiento (sust.) Mi consejo es que... 
well-being (n) /ˈwel biːɪŋ/ bienestar (sust.) Have you thought about … (+ -ing)? ¿Has pensado en...? 
Don’t forget to … (+ infinitivo sin to) No te olvides de... 
4.2 Dolores y molestias
aching muscles /eɪkɪŋ ˈmʌslz/ dolor muscular
allergic reaction /əˈlɜːdʒɪk riˈækʃn/ reacción alérgica
broken leg /ˈbrəʊkən ˈleɡɪd/ pierna rota
bruised knee /bruːzd niː/ rodilla magullada
dislocated shoulder hombro dislocado
/ˈdɪsləkeɪtɪd ˈʃəʊldə(r)/
itchy skin /ˈɪtʃi skɪn/ picor en la piel
sore back /sɔː(r) bæk/ dolor de espalda
sprained wrist /spreɪnd rɪst/ esguince en la muñeca
stiff neck /stɪf nek/ tortícolis
swollen ankle /ˈswəʊlən ˈæŋkl/ tobillo hinchado

114
4
Vocabulary practice
1 Complete the mini-dialogues with the correct 3 Complete the text with the phrases in the box.
phrasal verbs.
1 A I’m really tired today! aching muscles join in liven up loosen up slow down
sore backs stiff neck stress out
B Have a nice cup of coffee! It’ll s you
u for the day.
2 A I’ve got basketball training, then band practice and

YOGA CLASSES
finally a judo class.
B You really need to s d  !
3 A I don’t want to talk about my problems.
B If you o u  , maybe I’ll be you 
Does life 1  
( )
one
able to help. ? After a day of rushing from
( 2)  ?
t to
4 A How many cans of cola have you had? thing to the next, is it difficul , a
k of sleep, hea dac hes
B Three. I should c d  , Are you suffering from a lac
shouldn’t I? (3)  ? The n it’s time to take up yoga.
5 A I’ve had a terrible day. I feel awful! l exercise: it’s a whole
Yoga is more than physica y
B Oh no! What can I do to c you take control of both your bod
philosophy that allows you en you are
it in the morning wh
u  ? and your mind. You can do
6 A Sam is really nervous. He’s got three exams ( 4)   , or at the end
tired and need to and
to (5) 
tomorrow! of the day when you need
(6)  .
B But he’s worked so hard. He doesn’t need to stretch those  
s o about them. ages, and you can
Yoga is a safe activity for all
ry. People with
even practise it with an inju
2 Find five aches and pains phrases. Then complete (7)  or other problems have fou
nd
the sentences below with the correct phrases. l bet ter. Co me and
that yoga helped them to fee
S P R A I N E D W R I S T X O A (8)  one of our yoga sessions.
E W P L S T J I I N Z H G N S F You won’t regret it!
D O E U B U K R S T W I R V W O
A L L E R G I C R E A C T I O N
B L E M U U F N A I H S R Q L W
A E T O I T C H Y S K I N E L V
B N Z Q S L R Q U J X F U P E D
U X P U E B S C W T Y R Y X N M 4 Translate the sentences.
C N D S D D O F B G Z G S P A K 1 If I were you, I’d get treatment for your sore back.

D K E K K T H G Q U A J H O N Y

E L J L N H L N K Z G P N O K C
2 Some allergic reactions cause itchy skin.
E E K I E O W F A U Y M I T L M

C V L Y E B V S X M R J Q O E L
1 It’s difficult to write at the moment because I’ve got 3 If Marta got out more, I’d worry less about her
a(n)   . well-being.
2 Rachel hit her leg against a door and now she’s got
a(n)   .
3 Every time I eat onions, I get a(n)   . 4 I would have played tennis if I hadn’t had a dislocated
4 Look at Juan Manuel’s   . It’s much shoulder.
bigger than his other one!
5 I need some cream because I’ve got really 
 . 5 You’ll feel sleepy tomorrow unless you go to bed soon.

115
5 Unit 5
Grammar reference Interrogativas
Preguntas de sujeto Who organized the protest?
Verbos con -ing y to Preguntas de objeto What rights do we have?
Cuando un verbo sucede a otro, hay dos formas que puede Question tags He’s quite annoying, isn’t he?
adoptar el segundo verbo. Algunos verbos siempre van Preguntas que terminan Who are you writing to?
seguidos por la forma -ing: en una preposición
I enjoyed listening to your speech. Usos
Otros siempre van seguidos por una forma de infinitivo: En preguntas de sujeto, la partícula interrogativa (what,
I’ve decided to start a petition. who, etc.) se refiere al sujeto del verbo.
Sin embargo, algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos por una ‘Who made the speech?’ ‘Sara.’ (Who pregunta por Sara, el
forma -ing o un infinitivo con to y tienen diferente significado sujeto del verbo made.)
en función de qué forma se emplee. A continuación, unos Formamos preguntas de sujeto con una partícula
ejemplos comunes: interrogativa y un verbo principal. Empleamos el verbo
de la misma manera que en oraciones afirmativas. No
forget / remember
empleamos el auxiliar do / did en preguntas de sujeto en
I’ll never forget meeting you. (not) have a memory of present y past simple.
He forgot to send the email. (not) forget something you Who made the speech? (NO Who did make the speech?)
have to do
En preguntas de objeto, la partícula interrogativa (what,
go on who, etc.) hace referencia a la persona o el objeto que
He went on talking for continue recibe la acción, o al objeto del verbo.
hours. ‘What did you talk about?’ ‘We talked about the sit-in.’
He started a campaign and change to a new activity (What pregunta acerca de la sentada, el objeto del verbo
went on to launch a charity. talk about.)
regret Las preguntas de objeto en present y past simple emplean
I regret going to the march. be sorry about something el auxiliar do / did y el verbo principal en infinitivo.
you did in the past Who do you know?
I regret to say that no one be sorry to say that Utilizamos question tags al final de las oraciones para
has signed the petition. something is true asegurarnos de que algo es cierto o para preguntar si
stop nuestro interlocutor está de acuerdo.
I’ve stopped using plastic. not do something any more You went to the demonstration, didn’t you?
She stopped to chat to me. interrupt an action and do Formamos las question tags con el auxiliar o el verbo modal
something else briefly y el pronombre sujeto de la parte principal de la oración. Si
try el verbo es afirmativo en la oración, en la question tag será
negativo y viceversa.
I’ll try sending an email do an experiment to see if
about the rally. something works You know Ellie, don’t you?
I’m trying to get up earlier. make an effort We can’t go out, can we?
Cuando la oración contiene un verbo afirmativo en
present simple o past simple, empleamos la forma negativa
correspondiente de do en la question tag.
He watched the match, didn’t he?
Algunos verbos se emplean con preposiciones específicas
(look at, talk to, comment on, etc.). Cuando empleamos
estos verbos en preguntas de objeto, normalmente
colocamos la preposición al final.
What are you looking at?
What were they campaigning for?

116
5
Grammar practice

Verbs with -ing and to Question forms


1 Tick (✓) the correct sentences. 3 Choose the correct option. Use the underlined
1 We regret informing you the London train is words to help you.
cancelled. 1 Who did go / went to the party? Lots of people went.
2 As we were walking down the road, we stopped 2 Where did you sit / sat you at the sit-in? We sat in the
to look in the shop window. park!
3 Oh no! I forgot bringing my key! 3 Who did you talk to / talked to you? I talked to Elena.
4 I remember to go to my grandma’s house when 4 What did happen / happened last night? A big rally
I was little. took place.
5 Please stop making that noise. It’s terrible!  5 How many people did sign / signed the petition? Over
6 Please go on reading. It’s a wonderful story.  200 people signed it!
6 Why did you leave / you left the party early? Because I
2 Complete the text with the correct -ing or to form of was tired!
the verbs in brackets.
4 Look at the underlined words in the answers. Then
I remember (1)  (go) to lots of write the questions. Use the same verb as in the
protests as a teenager. And I was always trying answer.
(2)  (get) people interested in different Who were you chatting to?
causes. Once, I invited a friend to a sit-in, but I
I was chatting to Marta.
(tell) him that it was in a 1
forgot (3) 
(buy) him I’m getting annoyed about the noise.
very muddy field. I tried 4  
( )
2
dinner afterwards to say ‘sorry’, but it didn’t work!
A group of teenagers organized the march.
As I grew older and started my career, I stopped 3
(5)  (campaign) as much as I had done. We talked about a lot of different issues.
I was still interested, but I had less free time. But 4
I went on (6)  (work) for a wonderful I’m reading about a rally in Paris.
charity, so I haven’t stopped  
(7) (work) 5
(8) 
for the things I care about. I regret George Williams wrote the petition.
(say) my friend still hasn’t forgiven me for the muddy
sit-in, but I’ll never regret  
(9) (annoy) 5 Complete the question tags.
1 They know their rights,  ?
him and my other friends about my various causes. It’s
2 He wasn’t very surprised,  ?
great to feel passionate about things in life!
3 You’ve already been to the demonstration, 
?
4 She hadn’t been to the sit-in,  ?
5 The protest went well,  ?
6 They can’t hear me,  ?

6 Complete the questions with the prepositions in


the box.
about for of on to

1 Who are you talking  ?


2 What is he worried  ?
3 What were they afraid  ?
4 Who can you depend  ?
5 What are we waiting  ?

117
5
Vocabulary reference

5.1 Sustantivos: manifestación 5.4 Expresiones útiles


campaign (n) /kæmˈpeɪn/ campaña (sust.) Hacer sugerencias
demonstration (n) /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/ manifestación (sust.) Hacer sugerencias
issue (n) /ˈɪʃuː/ problema (sust.) How / What about … (+ -ing / sustantivo) ¿Y si...?
march (n) /mɑːtʃ/ marcha (sust.)
There could be a … Podría haber un/a...
petition (n) /pəˈtɪʃn/ petición (sust.)
protest (n) /ˈprəʊtest/ protesta (sust.) It’d be great / brilliant if … Sería genial / estupendo si...
rally (n) /ˈræli/ asamblea (sust.) They could consider … (+ -ing) Podrían considerar...
rights (n) /raɪts/ derechos (sust.) Perhaps / Maybe we / they could … (+ infinitivo sin to)
sit-in (n) /ˈsɪt ɪn/ sentada (sust.) Quizá podríamos/podrían... Puede que podamos/puedan...
speech (n) /spiːtʃ/ discurso (sust.) Expresar certeza
strike (n) /straɪk/ huelga (sust.)
It’s / There is / are bound to … (+ infinitivo sin to)
struggle (n) /ˈstrʌɡl/ lucha (sust.)
Está(n) destinado/a(s) a...
There’s no doubt … (+ cláusula con that)
5.1 Más vocabulario No hay duda de que...
biased (adj) /ˈbaɪəst/ partidista (adj.)
I’m sure that … Estoy seguro/a de que...
furious (adj) /ˈfjʊəriəs/ furioso/a (adj.)
ineffective (adj) /ˌɪnɪˈfektɪv/ infructuoso/a (adj.) Expresar duda
labour-saving (adj) /ˈleɪbə seɪvɪŋ/ que ahorra trabajo I doubt that … Dudo que...
(expr.) It’s unlikely that … No es probable que...
prohibitive (adj) /prəˈhɪbətɪv/ prohibitivo/a (adj.) I’m not really sure that … No estoy muy seguro/a de que...
significant (adj) /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ significativo/a (adj.)

5.2 Adjetivos: sentimientos


amazed (adj) /əˈmeɪzd/ fascinado/a (adj.)
amazing (adj) /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ fascinante (adj.)
amused (adj) /əˈmjuːzd/ entretenido (adj.)
amusing (adj) /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/ divertido/a (adj.)
annoyed (adj) /əˈnɔɪd/ (estar) molesto/a (adj.)
annoying (adj) /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ (ser) molesto/a (adj.)
bored (adj) /bɔːd/ (estar) aburrido/a (adj.)
boring (adj) /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ (ser) aburrido/a (adj.)
disappointed (adj) /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/ decepcionado/a (adj.)
disappointing (adj) /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ/ decepcionante (adj.)
disgusted (adj) /dɪsˈɡʌstɪd/ indignado/a (adj.)
disgusting (adj) /dɪsˈɡʌstɪŋ/ desagradable (adj.)
frustrated (adj) /frʌˈstreɪtɪd/ frustrado/a (adj.)
frustrating (adj) /frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ/ frustrante (adj.)
irritated (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/ irritado/a (adj.)
irritating (adj) /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ irritante (adj.)
shocked (adj) /ʃɒkt/ impresionado/a (adj.)
shocking (adj) /ˈʃɒkɪŋ/ impresionante (adj.)
surprised (adj) /səˈpraɪzd/ sorprendido/a (adj.)
surprising (adj) /səˈpraɪzɪŋ/ sorprendente (adj.)

118
5
Vocabulary practice
1 Copy the letters with the same colour and put them 3 Complete each sentence with one adjective and
in the correct order to make words to complete the one noun.
sentences.
Adjectives: 
amazing bored disappointing disgusting
M C I A I R E P shocked
S R G S E S I E
T S H A U P I O Nouns: 
campaign demonstration petition rights 
speech 
U I T G C E E S
N G H P C T N T
I A K T R G M R
I H I S E L N T

We are going on a  march  from Hyde Park to Trafalgar


Square.
1 Everyone has the  to food, clothes and
a safe home.
2 The  is that people don’t recycle their
rubbish.
3 Please sign my   .
4 I’m so tired, it’s a    to get up in the
morning.
5 Due to low pay, workers have agreed to go on   1 An  20,000 people have supported our 
to protect wild animals living on and near
 .
the river.
6 Please support our  to feed the
2 Only 30 people signed the   , which was
homeless this Christmas.
very   .
7 During the   -   , 150 people 3 Emily’s  was so long that I got really 
successfully stopped builders from entering the site.
listening to it!
8 In my   , I will talk about children’s 4 The camp has ignored basic human   , and
education.
people are living in  conditions.
5 We were really  when we saw the 
on TV.

4 Translate the sentences.


1 You remembered to sign the petition, didn’t you?


2 Choose the correct option. 2 Who went to that really boring speech?
1 Jack is so annoyed / annoying. He always talks about
the same thing!
2 I was very amused / amusing by Pablo’s funny present. 3 Who did you go to the rally with?
4 I get so frustrated / frustrating when I go to a march
and only a few people are there!
3 The swimming pool is closed, which is disappointed / 4 I don’t regret getting involved with the campaign.
disappointing.
5 Elliott is very surprised / surprising. I never know what
he’s going to do next. 5 They forgot to mention the main issues, didn’t they?
6 Paula gets really irritated / irritating when people
don’t take important issues seriously.

119
6 Unit 6
Grammar reference

Estilo indirecto Preguntas, peticiones y órdenes en estilo


Cuando comentamos lo que otra persona ha dicho, podemos indirecto
indicar sus palabras exactas en estilo directo: Cuando cambiamos una pregunta a estilo indirecto,
‘The book is really terrifying,’ said Ben. modificamos el orden de las palabras para que refleje la
Por otro lado, también podemos emplear el estilo indirecto: estructura de una oración afirmativa. No empleamos el
Ben said the book was really terrifying. auxiliar do / did en preguntas de estilo indirecto.
Cuando cambiamos una oración a estilo indirecto, cambiamos También cambiamos los tiempos y las referencias temporales,
el tiempo del verbo para poder llevarlo un poco más hacia el a lugares y a personas como en las afirmaciones.
pasado. ‘Which comedians do you like?’ he asked her. ➔

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto He asked her which comedians she liked.
present simple past simple ‘Who wrote the sketch?’ he asked. ➔
present continuous past continuous He asked who had written the sketch.
past simple past perfect simple Cuando hacemos preguntas de sí y no en estilo indirecto,
present perfect simple past perfect simple empleamos if o whether.
can could ‘Did you enjoy the act?’ he asked me. ➔
He asked me if I’d enjoyed the act.
will / would would
am / is / are going to was / were going to ‘Do you want to go to the theatre?’ she asked me. ➔
She asked me whether I wanted to go to the theatre.
También cambiamos las palabras que se refieren al tiempo, En órdenes y peticiones en estilo indirecto, empleamos el
lugar y personas para que reflejen el punto de vista de la infinitivo con to.
persona que cambia el estilo directo a indirecto. ‘Please stand under the spotlight.’ ➔
‘We’ll arrive tomorrow,’ they confirmed. ➔ He asked me to stand under the spotlight.
They confirmed that they would arrive the following day. ‘Don’t worry,’ she told me. ➔
She told me not to worry.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
Tiempo
yesterday the previous day
tomorrow the following day
next week the following week
Lugares
here there
this, these that, those
Personas
I, me, mine, myself he / she, him / her, his /
her(s), himself / herself
we, us, our, ours, ourselves they, them, their, theirs,
themselves

120
6
1 Jessica said that  Hampton Court
Grammar practice Palace  with 
family.
Reported speech 2 She added that she  a review
1 Complete the sentences in reported speech with the before, but that she really  to say
correct words in brackets. how much  ’d enjoyed themselves.
1 ‘We go to Spain every year,’ he said. 3 She explained that Hampton Court Palace 
He said that they  to Spain every the home of King Henry VIII, who 
year. (have gone / went) six wives.
2 ‘I’ve lost my passport,’ she told me. 4 She said that visitors  what life 
She told me she  her passport. like in the 1500s thanks to lots of
(had lost / has lost) interactive features.
3 ‘We’ll do it tomorrow,’ I said. 5 She revealed that she and her family 
I said we would do it   . again in the summer so they 
(the following day / the previous day) be able to explore the gardens.
4 ‘You’re going to love the museum,’ they said.
They said we  love the museum. Reported questions, requests and
(’re going to / were going to) commands
5 ‘I’ve just updated my travel blog,’ she said.
She said she had just updated  3 Write Q (question), R (request) or C (command) next
travel blog. (her / my) to each item below.
6 ‘We arrived yesterday,’ they said. 1 The comedian asked who had taken her
They said they had arrived   . microphone.
(the previous day / tomorrow) 2 They told me to stop complaining.
3 He asked who was on stage.
2 Read Jessica’s review. Then complete the sentences 4 They told us not to talk during the sketch.
using reported speech. 5 You asked us to go to the supermarket.
6 We asked the artist to show us her sculptures. 
Account Search
4 Tick (✓) the correct sentences.
1 They asked us not do that.
England’s best day out! 2 He told you to stop talking!
I visited Hampton Court Palace yesterday with my 3 The comedian asked us if we had heard of her act.
family. I haven’t written a review before, but I really want 4 She asked to me to give you a message.
to say how much we enjoyed ourselves! 5 Mum told us to tidied our bedrooms. 
Hampton Court was the home of Henry VIII. He was 6 The scriptwriter asked who had taken his pen.
the King of England from 1509 to 1547 and he had six
wives. There are lots of interactive features so visitors
can imagine what life was like in the 1500s.
5 Rewrite the questions, requests and commands in
direct speech. Write one word in each space.
It’s great for a winter’s day, but we’re going to go
1 She asked me to call her the following day.
again in the summer. Then we’ll be able to explore the
gardens. ‘Please       .’
Jessica, Brighton 2 They asked me what subjects I studied.
‘What subjects     
?’
3 He told me to write a sketch for his new show.
‘    
  new show.’
4 They asked me who had designed that set.
‘Who    set?’
5 He asked if I’d seen their act the previous day.
‘      
    ?’

121
6
Vocabulary reference

6.1 Verbos: estilo indirecto 6.4 Expresiones útiles


add (v) /æd/ añadir (v.) Hablar de opiniones
admit (v) /ədˈmɪt/ admitir (v.) Pedir opiniones
agree (v) /əˈɡriː/ estar de acuerdo (v.) What did you think of / about …?
announce (v) /əˈnaʊns/ anunciar (v.) ¿Qué pensaste de/acerca de...?
boast (v) /bəʊst/ alardear (v.)
How was it / that? ¿Cómo fue?
claim (v) /kleɪm/ sostener (v.)
complain (v) /kəmˈpleɪn/ quejarse (v.) Dar tu propia opinión
confirm (v) /kənˈfɜːm/ confirmar (v.) To be honest, … Sinceramente, ...
deny (v) /dɪˈnaɪ/ negar (v.) As far as I could tell, … Yo diría que...
explain (v) /ɪkˈspleɪn/ explicar (v.) I reckon … Calculo que...
insist (v) /ɪnˈsɪst/ insistir (v.)
In my opinion,… En mi opinión, ...
reveal (v) /rɪˈviːl/ revelar (v.)
From my point of view,… Bajo mi punto de vista, ...
I’m not convinced. No estoy convencido/a.
6.1 Más vocabulario
birthplace (n) /ˈbɜːθpleɪs/ lugar de nacimiento (sust.) I’m not so sure about that. No estoy muy seguro/a.
cliff (n) /klɪf/ acantilado (sust.) As far as I’m concerned,… En lo que a mí respecta...
gorge (n) /ɡɔːdʒ/ desfiladero (sust.) Hablar de las opiniones de otras personas
locomotive (n) /ˌləʊkəˈməʊtɪv/ locomotora (sust.) It sounds like … Suena...
pitch (n) /pɪtʃ/ campo (de fútbol) (sust.)
According to (John) … Según (John)…
sculpture (n) /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/ escultura (sust.)
I’ve heard (that) they’re awesome.
Me han dicho que son increíbles.
6.2 Sustantivos: entretenimiento
Apparently,… Al parecer, ...
act (n) /ækt/ acto (sust.)
amateur (n) aficionado/a (sust.) Estar de acuerdo con otras personas
/ˈæmətə(r)/, /ˈæmətʃə(r)/ I totally agree with you.
microphone (n) /ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/ micrófono (sust.) Estoy totalmente de acuerdo contigo.
monologue (n) /ˈmɒnəlɒɡ/ monólogo (sust.) I think so, too. Yo también lo creo.
newcomer (n) /ˈnjuːkʌmə(r)/ novato/a (sust.)
professional (n) /prəˈfeʃənl/ profesional (sust.)
prop (n) /prɒp/ atrezo (sust.)
scriptwriter (n) /ˈskrɪptraɪtə(r)/ guionista (sust.)
sketch (n) /sketʃ/ escena (sust.)
spotlight (n) /ˈspɒtlaɪt/ foco (sust.)
stage (n) /steɪdʒ/ escenario (sust.)
venue (n) /ˈvenjuː/ recinto (sust.)

122
6
Vocabulary practice
1 Choose the correct option. 3 Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
1 Sam boasted / complained that there hadn’t been
As the popularity of stand-up comedy has grown, so has
enough to eat.
the number of people (1)  that jokes and (2) 
2 The boys admitted / announced to their angry parents
are too offensive. So, should comedians and (3)  be
that they had written on the walls.
allowed to say or write anything they like?
3 Sean Penn has confirmed / denied to his delighted
fans that he will be starring in the next series of the Yes
popular TV series. ‘I don’t like cruel jokes, but freedom of speech is really
4 The victim agreed / claimed the two men had hit her important,’ (4)  the comedian Andy Kemp. Sociologist
and run off with her bag. Dr Colin McGee says he (5)  with Kemp. He
(6)  that comedy allows people to explore what
5 I announced / explained to the guard that I had lost
my train ticket. is socially acceptable. ‘If people don’t like a particular
6 When her teacher confronted the girl, she denied / comedian’s (7)   , they needn’t (8)  about it.
insisted that she had copied her friend’s homework. They simply shouldn’t watch it.’
7 I agreed / claimed with my friend that the film was No
terrible. ‘Last week, I was shocked to see a ‘funny’ (9) 
8 The man admitted / boasted that he had won more about immigrants on TV,’ says writer Kay Ashworth. ‘Of
races than anyone else. course, the comedian (10)  that he was racist, but he
would, wouldn’t he? In my opinion, when broadcasters put
2 Find seven entertainment nouns. Then use the nouns someone under a (11)  and give them a (12)   ,
to complete the poster. they give them the power to influence people,’ she says.
P E J K S P I H U N I W 1 A complaining B boasting C revealing
T R E E S K E T C H O B 2 A venues B sketches C microphones
I E O G B H C T S R S A 3 A props B scriptwriters C professionals
L R P F N X H S D E N Y 4 A adds B insists C boasts
I O I E E D A T T C G O 5 A reveals B denies C agrees
F A P E W S T E N A O A 6 A denies B confirms C adds
T H R G C U S R Y M G D 7 A act B prop C newcomer
D O O D O V B I H M K E 8 A complain B explain C insist
G A P L M P T R O E C B 9 A spotlight B monologue C venue
10 A revealed B announced C denied
D C S A E C P J Y N U A
11 A spotlight B stage C sketch
I T A G R J I E F D A O
12 A sketch B amateur C microphone
E N T V E N U E X S H L
4 Translate the sentences.
1 She boasted that she had worked as a scriptwriter on
THE NEW THEATRE PRESENTS an American drama series.

Lars Jorgensen Live!


2 He told us not to stand near the cliff edge.
‘If you only see one ‘A spectacular show! The brilliant
live stand-up
(4)  make it visually
(1)  impressive as well as hilarious, not to 3 He insisted that I practise using the microphone before
this year, make mention the wonderful New Theatre, going on stage.
sure it’s Jorgensen.’ which is the perfect comedy
(5)   .’ funny.com

Evening Mercury

‘This year’s best ‘The moment Jorgensen
4 You can’t deny that it’s an amazing sculpture.
(2)  to appeared on (6)   ,
I started laughing. His chicken
the comedy scene. Only
22 and already a true
(7)  is possibly the
(3)   .’ funniest thing I’ve ever seen.’ 5 He admitted that he had never heard of the act.
The Echo The Manchester Times
123
7 Unit 7
Grammar reference

Tiempos futuros Future continuous


Empleamos diferentes tiempos futuros para funciones
Future continuous
diferentes.
will be going.
will I / You / He / She / It / We / They
won’t
Predicciones We’ll win the World Cup. Will I / you / he / she / it / we / they be going?
(basadas en creencias/ It’ll be a fun day.
Yes, will.
opiniones) I / you / he / she / it / we / they
No, won’t.
Promesas I won’t tell anyone.
I’ll email you tomorrow. Uso
Decisiones espontáneas I’ll speak to the publisher. Empleamos el future continuous para hablar de acciones
I'll open the window. que estarán en progreso en un momento determinado del
futuro.
be going to
A menudo empleamos el future continuous con las
Predicciones There’s going to be a
expresiones in / at y this time ….
(basadas en pruebas scandal!
externas) Look at the sky. It's going to In 2025, we’ll be using driverless cars.
rain soon. At 1.30, they’ll be having lunch.
Intenciones I’m going to call him now. This time next week, I’ll be travelling to New York.
We're going to see our aunt
at the weekend.
Present simple
Sucesos sujetos a horarios The news starts in ten
minutes.
The train leaves at 12.20.
Present continuous
Planes futuros inamovibles We’re moving to Scotland.
She isn’t coming to my
party tonight.

124
7
Grammar practice

Future tenses Future continuous


1 Match the sentences (1–7) to the functions (A–G). 4 Complete the sentences with the future continuous
1 I’ll look after your cat for you.  form of the verbs in brackets.
2 He’s going to university in September. 1 Which headline  (we / talk) about
3 Dad’s sure Chelsea will win the football match. tomorrow?
4 The train leaves in two minutes! 2 In a few years from now, we  (live)
5 I think I’ll have a bath. in a more democratic society.
6 We’re going to meet our friends later.  3 I  (not get) involved with those
7 There’s so much traffic! This journey is going immoral people.
to take ages.  4 (you / play) in the concert
A a promise tomorrow night?
B a spontaneous decision 5 Everyone  (read) about me in their
C a timetabled event newsfeed soon!
D a fixed future plan 6 Unfortunately, the famous actor 
E a future intention (not appear) on our screens next year.
F a prediction based on external evidence
G a prediction based on belief / opinion
5 Complete the text with the future continuous form
of the correct verbs in brackets.
2 Choose the correct option.
1 Don’t worry. I’m not telling / won’t tell anyone. In September next year, I (1) 
2 We go / ’re going to the USA in August. (go / leave) to university. I (2) 
3 What time does / will the bus arrive? (live / study) in a student flat with four other students,
and I (3)  (miss / study) chemistry.
4 You hate scandals. You aren’t going to like / liking
I wonder what we (4) 
this one.
(do / move) in the evenings. (5) 
5 I think people are going to / will know this is fake news.
(we cook / we feel) meals for each other?
6 What shall I cook for dinner? I know! I’ll make / (6)  (we go out / we enjoy)
’m making some pasta.
together: to the cinema, or to parties? I wonder how my
sister (7)  (feel / think). For the first
3 Complete the sentences with suitable future forms
time ever, she’ll be the only child in the house with my
of the verbs in the box.
parents. (8)  (she miss / she live)
buy feed meet sell take 
off not 
taste me? Or (9)  (she do / she move)
all her things into my bedroom? And what about my
1 I don’t think the band  many parents? I’m sure they (10)  (study /
copies of their next album. think) about me every day. But they
2 What time  the plane   ? (11) 

3 We  in the square at six o’clock. (not feel / not miss) my loud
4 This cake  music, and they
very nice. I forgot to put sugar in it. (12) 

5 I  your (not pick / not think) my


hamster while you’re on holiday. clothes up off the floor!
6 What a beautiful bag!
I think I  it.

125
7
Vocabulary reference

7.1 Sustantivos: las noticias 7.4 Expresiones útiles


bulletin (n) /ˈbʊlətɪn/ boletín informativo (sust.) Dar avisos y advertencias
click-bait (n) /ˈklɪkbeɪt/  clickbait, ciberanzuelo (sust.)
Do ...
fake news (n) /ˌfeɪk ˈnjuːz/  fake news, noticias falsas
Always ... (+ infinitivo sin to) Siempre...
(sust.)
headline (n) /ˈhedlaɪn/ titular (sust.) Make sure you ... (+ infinitivo sin to) Acuérdate de...
newsfeed (n) /ˈnjuːzfiːd/ noticias (sust.) Do this, otherwise you might ... (+ infinitivo sin to)
notification (n) /ˌnəʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ notificación (sust.) Haz esto, porque si no puede que...
paywall (n) /ˈpeɪwɔːl/ barrera de pago (sust.) If it's ..., you must ... (+ infinitivo sin to) Si..., debes...
producer (n) /prəˈdjuːsə(r)/ productor/a (sust.) Watch out for ... Ten cuidado con...
publisher (n) /ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)/ editor/a (sust.)
It's essential to ... (+ infinitivo sin to) Es fundamental que...
scandal (n) /ˈskændl/ escándalo (sust.)
The most important thing is to ... (+ infinitivo sin to)
scoop (n) /skuːp/ exclusiva (sust.)
Lo más importante que hay que hacer es...
sensationalism (n) sensacionalismo (sust.)
/senˈseɪʃənəlɪzəm/  Don’t ...
Never ... (+ infinitivo sin to) Nunca...
7.1 Más vocabulario It's essential not to ... (+ infinitivo sin to)
broadcast (v) /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/ emitir (v.) Es fundamental que no...
declare (v) /dɪˈkleə(r)/ declarar (v.) Don't let anyone ... (+ infinitivo sin to) No dejes que nadie...
distinguish (v) /dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ distinguir (v.) Don't keep (+ -ing) or you might ... No sigas... o podrías...
provoke (v) /prəˈvəʊk/ provocar (v.)
Don't panic. / Don't worry. No te asustes. / No te preocupes.
spread (v) /spred/ difundir (v.)
transform (v) /trænsˈfɔːm/ transformar (v.)

7.2 Adjetivos: utopía/distopía


authoritarian (adj) /ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriən/ autoritario/a (adj.)
democratic (adj) /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/ democrático/a (adj.)
global (adj) /ˈɡləʊbl/ global (adj.)
idealistic (adj) /ˌaɪdiəˈlɪstɪk/ idealista (adj.)
immoral (adj) /ɪˈmɒrəl/ inmoral (adj.)
materialistic (adj) /məˌtɪəriəˈlɪstɪk/ materialista (adj.)
radical (adj) /ˈrædɪkl/ radical (adj.)
repressive (adj) /rɪˈpresɪv/ represivo/a (adj.)
revolutionary (adj) /ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri/ revolucionario/a (adj.)
tolerant (adj) /ˈtɒlərənt/ tolerante (adj.)

126
7
Vocabulary practice 2 Choose the correct answer, A, B or C.
1 Taking money from the poor is a .
1 Complete the words with the missing vowels. Then A bulletin B scandal C scoop
use six of the words to complete sentences A–F. 2 There’s a short news  at 5 p.m.
1 A notification B bulletin C headline
b _ l l _ t _ n 3 The  of a well-known Sunday newspaper
has resigned.
2 A fake news B publisher C click-bait
p _ y w _ l l 4 I totally believed the story, but it was  .
A scoop B scandal C fake news
3 5 The story was in the for a week!
n _ w s f _ _ d A headlines B publishers C producers

4 3 Read the text. Replace each set of words in bold with


s _ n s _ t _ _ n _ l _ s m the words or phrases in the box.
authoritarian  be tolerant  democratic government
5
global idealistic immoral materialistic
n _ t _ f _ c _ t _ _ n
repressive governments  revolutionary

6 Is it a little unrealistic (1)  to believe


s c _ _ p that one day all societies will respect the rights and beliefs
of their citizens (2)  ? Will every
country be led by a government that allows its citizens
7 to express their opinions (3)  ?
p r _ d _ c _ r Unfortunately, there are too many rule-loving
(4)  leaders in the world. These
8 leaders are cruel, with no desire to do the right thing
c l _ c k-b _ _ t (5)  and only think about money
and possessions (6)   . But the
A problem isn’t the responsibility of those countries alone.
Ignore that advertisement! It’s only  t’s the whole world’s problem
 ! (7)   . We will need incredibly
B different (8)  ideas to make our
My smartwatch always gives me a  planet a fair place for everyone. But one day, governments
when I get an email. that control and limit the rights of their people
(9)  will be a thing of the past.
C I didn’t see the story in my   .
D Another   ? I think all news 4 Translate the sentences.
online should be free! 1 This time next year you’ll be applying for jobs.

E The headlines are exaggerating the truth. It’s 
 ! 2 What time does the bulletin start?
F
This website says it got

the 
3 In the future, no one will be living under repressive
on the actor, but
governments any more.
I’ve read the story

somewhere else, too!

4 I won’t tell anyone about your scoop.


5 The publisher is going to speak to us this evening.

127
8 Unit 8
Grammar reference

Modales de deducción y posibilidad


sujeto + verbo modal + verbo
principal
It can’t be rotten.
(= seguro que no es cierto)
We could / may / might arrive late.
(= es posible)
You must be angry.
(= seguro que es cierto)
Uso
Empleamos los verbos modales can’t, could, may, might y
must para expresar diferentes grados de certeza.

Determinantes
Empleamos determinantes como los artículos (a, an, the)
para identificar sustantivos.
Algunos determinantes se refieren a cosas específicas:
the
this, that, these, those,
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
which
This burger is inedible.
Which sandwich are you going to have?
Otros determinantes, como a y some, se refieren a cosas en
general.
I’d like a sandwich. 
Let’s get some food.
Ten en cuenta que en inglés, empleamos determinantes
para hablar del trabajo de la gente.
Elvis was a singer.
No siempre necesitamos emplear determinantes para
referirnos a las cosas en general. Por ejemplo, no es
habitual emplear determinantes con sustantivos abstractos.
I don’t like fruit. 
Trust is essential in relationships.

128
8
Grammar practice

Modals of deduction and possibility Determiners


1 Choose the correct option. 3 Look at the bold words in these sentences. Are they
1 I can’t smell any cooking. Dinner can’t / might be ready. correct or incorrect? Write (✓) or (✘) and rewrite
2 It’s Benji’s fourth birthday tomorrow. He can’t / must the incorrect sentences.
be very excited! 1 I’m allergic to the milk. 
3 You might / must know Toby. Or maybe I haven’t
introduced you. 2 How much do these sandals cost?
4 Don’t choose a curry that’s too hot. That one can’t /
could be very spicy! 3 How cold is it at North Pole?
5 That sweaty T-shirt may / must be Jenna’s. Though I
think it belongs to Harriet. 4 My grandfather was baker.
6 Joe and his heavy metal band are practising in the
village hall. The noise could / must be deafening! 5 The aggression is a problem in our society.

2 Complete the dialogue with the modals in box A and 6 You look great. I really like your dress. 
the verbs in box B.
A can’t can’t might might must must 4 Complete the text with the determiners in the box.
B be be miss miss not 
mind return a an other our some some the their
these these 
Tom
Did you hear about Sophie?
She’s lost her sense of smell!
Hannah
Really? That (1)  very nice.
She (2)  the smell of food.
Tom
I suppose so. But she (3)  that
much. For example, she (4) 
the smell of sweaty trainers.
Hannah
I know what you mean. But it (5) 
dangerous. I mean, what if there’s a fire and she
doesn’t notice! Does she know if her sense of
smell will come back?
Humans are born with five basic senses. (1) 
Tom senses are sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. But we
Her doctors have said it (6)   . have (2)  senses too that are less talked
But they aren’t sure . about –   (3) scientists believe we have as
many as 21 senses! (4)  are less obvious
than (5)  five main ones. We have
(6)  sense called perception that tells us
where our bodies are in space. This enables us to do
things like scratch (7)  noses or touch
our elbows! We also have senses that tell us when we
are hungry or thirsty. (8)  people’s senses
combine in   (9) unusual way, in a condition
known as synaesthesia. (10)  unusual
sensory perception means that they can visualize sounds
as colours and associate things they see with smells.

129
8
Vocabulary reference

8.1 Adjetivos: sentidos 8.2 ¡Ojo!


bitter (adj) /ˈbɪtə(r)/ amargo/a (adj.) a flock of birds /ə flɒk ɒv bɜːdz/ una bandada de pájaros
blurred (adj) /blɜːd/ borroso/a (adj.) a herd of elephants /ə hɜːd ɒv ˈelɪfənts/ una manada de
deafening (adj) /ˈdefnɪŋ/ ensordecedor/a (adj.) elefantes
perfumed (adj) /ˈpɜːfjuːmd/ perfumado/a (adj.) a pack of dogs /ə pæk ɒv dɒɡz/ una jauría de perros
rotten (adj) /ˈrɒtn/ podrido/a (adj.) a pod of dolphins /ə pɒd əv ˈdɒlfɪnz/ una manada de
rough (adj) /rʌf/ áspero/a (adj.) delfines
savoury (adj) /ˈseɪvəri/ sabroso/a (adj.) a pride of lions /ə praɪd ɒv ˈlaɪənz/ una manada de leones
smooth (adj) /smuːð/ delicado/a (adj.) a troop of monkeys /ə truːp ɒv ˈmʌŋkiz/ un grupo de
spicy (adj) /ˈspaɪsi/ picante (adj.) monos
sticky (adj) /ˈstɪki/ pegajoso/a (adj.)
sweaty (adj) /ˈsweti/ sudoroso/a (adj.) 8.4 Expresiones útiles
vivid (adj) /ˈvɪvɪd/ vívido/a (adj.)
Dar instrucciones detalladas
Comenzar las instrucciones
8.1 Más vocabulario Before you begin,… (+ imperativo) Antes de empezar...
flavour (n) /ˈfleɪvə(r)/ sabor (sust.)
The first thing you should do is … (+ infinitivo sin to)
hygiene (n) /ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ higiene (sust.)
Lo primero que deberías hacer es...
immune system (n) sistema inmunitario (sust.)
/ɪˈmjuːn sɪstəm/ The best way to ... (+ infinitivo sin to) is to … (+ infinitivo sin to)
inflammation (n) /ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn/ inflamación (sust.) La mejor forma de... es...
offspring (n) /ˈɒfsprɪŋ/ cría (sust.) Continuar
scent (n) /sent/ olor (sust.) After that, you should … (+ infinitivo sin to)
Después de eso, deberías...
8.2 Sustantivos abstractos Once / When you’ve got / done that, (+ imperativo)
affection (n) /əˈfekʃn/ afecto (sust.) Una vez / Cuando ya esté / hayas hecho eso...
aggression (n) /əˈɡreʃn/ agresión (sust.) While (+ present continuous), you can … / (+ imperativo)
apprehension (n) /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ aprensión (sust.) Mientras..., puedes...
bravery (n) /ˈbreɪvəri/ valentía (sust.) The next thing is to … Lo siguiente es...
compassion (n) /kəmˈpæʃn/ compasión (sust.)
Acabar
distress (n) /dɪˈstres/ aflicción (sust.)
envy (n) /ˈenvi/ envidia (sust.) The last step is to … (+ infinitivo sin to) El último paso es...
grief (n) /ɡriːf/ pena (sust.) By now, you should have … Ahora, ya deberías...
intelligence (n) /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ inteligencia (sust.)
joy (n) /dʒɔɪ/ alegría (sust.)
misery (n) /ˈmɪzəri/ tristeza (sust.)
sympathy (n) /ˈsɪmpəθi/ compasión (sust.)

130
8
Vocabulary practice
1 Reorder the letters to make sense adjectives. Then 3 Choose the correct option.
put the blue letters in order to find the mystery
adjective.
Restaurant review

Ho Chi Minh restaurant


My brother and I visited the Ho Chi Minh restaurant on
Thursday evening. While I was very much looking forward
to it, my brother was filled with (1) affection / apprehension.
A friend of his had been before and had found the service
terrible. However, I was excited by the prospect of spicy pork
with (2) blurred / sticky white rice, not to mention various other
(3) deafening / savoury dishes, such as sweet and sour pork

and lemon chicken. However, 30 minutes after entering the


1 I have IVDVI  memories of our holiday in restaurant, I began to feel considerable (4) grief / sympathy for
my brother’s friend. As I watched food arriving at other tables,
France.
and my hunger increased, I felt pure (5) envy / intelligence
2 After a day in the sun you feel hot and YISCTK 
towards those lucky customers – it was only after a further
 .
twenty minutes that my food arrived. To add to my (6) bravery /
3 Young children don’t enjoy TERBIT 
misery, the restaurant was terribly hot and (7) sweaty / vivid,
flavours.
and the music was (8) deafening / rough. When I asked the
4 There’s a terrible smell of ERTONT  eggs!
waiter to turn it down, his reaction was one of (9) aggression /
5 There’s nothing better than a really CYPSI  compassion – not friendly at all!
curry! Although the food – when
6 Turn the volume down! The TV is GIFEDAENN  it finally arrived – was a
 ! perfect combination of
7 My clothes always smell DUMEPRFE  (10) perfumed / rotten
when I take them out of the washing machine. rice and delicious
The mystery adjective is   . pork, I had lost my
appetite. I won’t be
2 Complete the words in 1–6 with the sets of letters. going there again!
There are two extra sets of letters that you do not
need. Then match 1–6 to A–F. Food 6/10   Atmosphere 2/10  Service 2/10

NVY PATH PEN AVE


4 Translate the sentences.
1 They must be impressed by your bravery.
TELL HEN PAS SION

1 Real br ry is 2 The inflammation might be caused by an infection.
2 He didn’t show much sym y
3 E is wanting
4 Do you think in igence 3 Animals must feel affection towards their offspring.
5 Animals may show aggres 
6 We need to show more com sion
A for homeless people. 4 Don’t eat those eggs! They might be rotten.
B what someone else has.
C when I failed my guitar exam.
D is something that you can develop? 5 You can’t feel sympathy for those terrible people!
E facing your fears.
F when they are frightened.

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9 Unit 9
Grammar reference

Cláusulas de relativo explicativas y Repaso


especificativas Citas
Empleamos pronombres de relativo para añadir una nueva Consultar Unit 6 Grammar Reference, página 120
cláusula (cláusula de relativo) a una oración. Preguntas, peticiones y órdenes en estilo indirecto
Consultar Unit 6 Grammar Reference, página 120
That’s the university which offers my favourite course. Tercer condicional
(cláusula principal) (cláusula de relativo) Consultar Unit 4 Grammar Reference, página 112
Usos Determinantes
Empleamos: Consultar Unit 8 Grammar Reference, página 128
• who para personas • when para tiempo Preguntas que terminan en una preposición
• which para cosas • where para lugares Consultar Unit 5 Grammar Reference, página 116
• whose para indicar posesión Question tags
Hay dos tipos de cláusulas de relativo. Una cláusula de Consultar Unit 5 Grammar Reference, página 116
relativo da información esencial. Sin la cláusula de relativo, Preguntas de sujeto y objeto
no sabemos a qué persona, cosa, tiempo o lugar hace Consultar Unit 5 Grammar Reference, página 116
referencia la oración. Verbos con -ing y to
That’s the university which offers a two-year course. Consultar Unit 5 Grammar Reference, página 116
En las cláusulas de relativo especificativas, podemos
reemplazar who y which con that.
That’s the university that offers a two-year course.
Las cláusulas de relativo explicativas añaden información
extra acerca del sustantivo. La oración tiene sentido sin
la cláusula de relativo porque ya sabemos a qué persona,
cosa, tiempo o lugar hace referencia la oración.
Empleamos comas al comienzo y final de las cláusulas de
relativo explicativas.
Metropolitan University, which I’m going to apply to, offers
a two-year course.
En las cláusulas de relativo explicativas, no podemos
reemplazar los pronombres de relativo por that.

132
9
Grammar practice

Defining and non-defining relative Revision


clauses 3 Put the words in brackets in order to complete
1 Match the sentence halves 1–5 to A–E. Do the sentences.
the sentences contain defining (D) or 1 (not / jeans / her / told / I / wear / to) to the interview.
non-defining (ND) relative clauses?
1 My uncle, who graduated 2 (in / subjects / did / Which / specialize / you) when you were
my age?
2 This is the museum
3 If (I / you / helped / wouldn’t / passed / hadn’t / have / me,)
3 My mum’s new perfume, the exam.

4 We saw the Big Hat Jazz Band, 4 (you / told / Who / about) the gap year scheme?

5 My friend Jessica, 5 While we were on our walk, (a / we / to / drink / stopped /
have) in a café.

A where we saw the Matisse exhibition last year.
B from Oxford University, now lives in London. 4 Correct the underlined mistakes.
C who performed at last year’s jazz festival. 1 I remember to take my keys with me, but I’ve forgotten where I
D which contains lavender oil, smells awful. put them.
E whose brother is doing an apprenticeship, wants
to take a gap year. 2 What did happen at the interview?

2 Complete the text with suitable relative
3 I forgot asking what the salary was.
pronouns. Use that where possible.

Search Login Register 4 You graduated from Leeds University, isn’t it?

This year, many British teenagers, (1)  5 Would you like other cup of coffee?
exams are fast approaching, will be thinking about
their futures. 6 Which course did you apply in?
There are lots of young people (2) 
will choose to do a degree, and they will apply for
universities (3)  they can study their 5 Complete each sentence with one word.
chosen courses. But there are also many 1 I told the girls  to put their feet on the table.
(4)  will take a more vocational path. 2 Grandma made this cake,  she?
Apprenticeships, (5)  pay you a salary 3 Which university courses are you interested  ?
while you learn a new job, are becoming more 4 Oh no, I forgot  lock the front door this morning!
popular in the UK. There are many companies
(6)  5 invited you to the party?
offer apprenticeships, and some
even pay for university courses (7) 
6 I’ve eaten two slices of that delicious cake,
apprentices do while working for the company at but I’d love  one!
the same time.
Many people (8)  have done
apprenticeships say that they benefitted from
learning while working. They learn to work in a
professional environment, (9)  a
university education can’t give you. If you are
thinking of applying for an apprenticeship, it might
be a decision (10)  will really help you
to succeed in your future career.

133
9
Vocabulary reference

9.1 Verbos y preposiciones: educación 9.4 Expresiones útiles


aim for /eɪm fɔː(r)/ apuntar a Comparar y contrastar
apply for /əˈplaɪ fɔː(r)/ solicitar (Studying) is just as popular as (working).
approve of /əˈpruːv ɒv / aprobar (Estudiar) es tan popular como (trabajar).
benefit from /ˈbenɪfɪt frɒm/ beneficiarse de
There's never been a (more expensive) time to (study).
comment on /ˈkɒment ɒn/ comentar
Nunca ha habido una época (más cara) para (estudiar).
concentrate on /ˈkɒnsntreɪt ɒn/ concentrarse en
It's way (more interesting) than (sitting in a classroom).
decide on /dɪˈsaɪd ɒn/ decidir
Es mucho (más interesante) que (sentarse en un aula).
graduate from /ˈɡrædʒuət frɒm/ graduarse
participate in /pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ɪn/ participar en It's by far the (most famous) time / place to ...
Es de lejos la época / el lugar (más famoso) para...
prepare for /prɪˈpeə(r) fɔː(r)/ prepararse para
search for /sɜːtʃ fɔː(r)/ buscar I'll not only (earn money), but I'll also (get work experience).
succeed in /səkˈsiːd ɪn/ tener éxito No solo (ganaré dinero), sino que también (ganaré
experiencia trabajando).
It's one of the (hardest) courses / jobs to (get into).
9.1 Más vocabulario Es uno de los cursos / trabajos (más duros) al que
apprenticeship (n) /əˈprentɪʃɪp/ formación (sust.)
(dedicarse).
career (n) /kəˈrɪə(r)/ carrera (sust.)
You won't (earn) as much as (someone with a degree).
gap year (n) /ˈɡæp jɪə(r)/ año sabático (sust.)
No (ganarás) tanto como (alguien con una carrera).
open day (n) /ˈəʊpən deɪ/ día de puertas abiertas
(sust.) The (younger) you are / it is, the (easier) it is to (study).
Cuanto (más joven) seas/sea, (más fácil) resulta (estudiar).
placement (n) /ˈpleɪsmənt/ contrato (sust.)
prospects (n) /ˈprɒspekts/ perspectivas (sust.) It probably gets (harder and harder) as you get (older /
richer / more qualified).
Probablemente se vuelva (más complicado) a medida que (te
9.2 Adjetivos: carreras haces mayor / más rico/a / más cualificado/a).
academic (adj) /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ académico/a (adj.)
The (longer) I have to (study), the (longer) I have to ...
badly / well paid (adj) mal / bien pagado/a (adj.)
Cuanto (más) tengo que (estudiar), (más) tengo que...
/ˈbædli/, /wel peɪd/
(Qualifications) is / are the least / most important thing.
challenging (adj) /ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ exigente (adj.)
(Las cualificaciones) son lo más / menos importante.
motivating (adj) /ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/ motivador/a (adj.)
repetitive (adj) /rɪˈpetətɪv/ repetitivo/a (adj.)
rewarding (adj) /rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ/ gratificante (adj.)
skilled / unskilled (adj) (no) cualificado/a (adj.)
/skɪld/, /ˌʌnˈskɪld/
unsociable (adj) /ʌnˈsəʊʃəbl/ huraño/a (adj.)
varied (adj) /ˈveərid/ variado/a (adj.)
vocational (adj) /vəʊˈkeɪʃənl/ vocacional (adj.)

134
9
Vocabulary practice
1 Complete the speech bubbles with the verbs and 3 Complete the text with the words in the box.
prepositions in the box. Then match questions 1–3
to answers A–C. academic  badly paid  challenging  motivating
repetitive rewarding unsociable well-paid
apply for  approve of  comment on
concentrate on  decide on  graduate from
  HOME  NEWS  FEATURES
1 My sister will 
university this summer. What will my
parents think if I say I want to be a writer
Gap years
instead of going to Uni? If you decide to take a gap year, you’ll leave your
(1)  studies behind you. Perhaps you’ll go
2 I want to study English Literature at the
abroad, travelling to beautiful and sunny destinations.
University of Edinburgh. What course are However, a gap year can be (2)   , and
you going to  ? sometimes difficult. It’s unlikely that you’ll find a
(3)  job on a gap year. You’ll probably be
3 I’d really like to get your opinion on my
(4)   , do a series of (5)  jobs
history essay. Will you have a look and  ( 6)
and work   hours. However, working
it?
abroad can be very (7)   . It’s the chance
A Sure. I’ve got time this afternoon, so I can  to make new friends, discover different cultures and
visit places you’ve never been to before. Being far from
it then. home can make you look at your life in a different
B I’m not sure. I need to  way, and is therefore very (8)   : when you
a course! return home at the end of your year away, you’ll be
ready to begin your future.
C Well, my grandparents didn’t 
my dad’s career …
until his first book sold 2 million copies!
4 Translate the sentences.
2 Write the opposites. Then complete the sentences 1 You should start revising now; otherwise you might not
with the adjectives. have enough time to prepare for the exams.

skilled ≠   
≠ varied 2 I’d like to have a rewarding career. I don’t mind if my job
≠ badly paid isn’t well paid.
sociable ≠ 

1 Should I get a(n)  job that I enjoy or 3 Emma Watson, who became famous as Hermione
a(n)  one that will allow me to save for Granger in the Harry Potter films, graduated from
the future? Brown University in 2014.
2 Finding a(n)  job is challenging. Even with
lots of qualifications, you might have to do
a(n)  job while you’re searching for one. 4 There’s an open day next week for students who want
3 My last job was very   . Every day was to apply for vocational courses.
the same. My new job is much more exciting and 
 .
4 I’m a(n)  person, but my job is very  5 Vocational careers, such as teaching, can be both
 . It doesn’t involve much interaction with challenging and rewarding.
people.

135

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