Pengolahan Limbah Pertanian Berbasis Teknologi Composting
Pengolahan Limbah Pertanian Berbasis Teknologi Composting
Pengolahan Limbah Pertanian Berbasis Teknologi Composting
PENYAJI
Lahir di Wonosobo pada 28 Maret 1963 Alumnus Fakultas Pertanian UGM 1989, Program Studi Mikrobiologi Hasil Pertanian Pengalaman: PT Dieng Djaya 1989 - 1997( Manager Pembibitan dan Composting) PT Zeta Agro Corporation 1997 - 2000 ( Manager QA dan R&D) PT Eka Timur Raya 2000 - Sekarang Deputi Direktur PT Eka Timur Raya
Overview
1.Pendahuluan Pengertian Limbah Pertanian Potensi Limbah Pertanian Komposisi Limbah Pertanian Pemanfaatan Limbah Pertanian Kompos dan Pupuk Organik 2.Bahan Organik Sebagai Sumber Pupuk Untuk Pertanian Limbah sebagai Sumber Pupuk Mengapa harus Limbah dan Composting Perlunya Teknology Composting Bagi Pertanian Keunggulan Komparatif Composting Untuk Pertaniam
3. Process Composting: Pengertian Composting Key Parameter Peran Mikroorganisme C/N Ratio Temperatur Suplai Oksigen Pemelihan Bahan Baku Kompos Tahap-Tahap dalam Composting Pre-Processing Active Composting Curing Compost Indicators Temperatur Time Criteria Product Spesific Criteria
4. Composting Technology
Klasifikasi Technology Composting Small Scale Composting Large Scale Composting Passive Pile Windrow Composting Aerated Static Pile In-Vessel Composting
5. Penutup
PENDAHULUAN
Pengertian Limbah Pertanian Biomassa dari tanaman dan/atau hewan setelah diambil hasilnya atau biomassa dari sisa-sisa kegiatan pengolahan hasil pertanian
Contoh
: Jerami, sekam, tongkol jagung, kulit kopi, kulit kacang, tongkol kelapa sawit, ampas tebu, kotoran ayam, bungkil kacang, dll
Gula/tebu ampas tebu; blotong Palm oil/Kelapa Sawit tandan sawit Industri kayu sawdust/moulding/grajen dll
Sampah rumah tangga Limbah organik pasar dll
Jerami padi merupakan limbah pertanian terbesar diantara limbah pertanian lainnya Pemanfaatannya belum maksimal karena faktor teknis dan ekonomis.
Komponen utama limbah pertanian adalah bahan organik Bahan organik Limbah pertanian umumnya tersusun atas senyawa lignoselulosa. Lignoselulosa memiliki 3 macam polimer yaitu:
Selulosa
Selulose hampir tidak pernah ditemui dalam keadaan murni di alam, melainkan selalu berikatan dengan bahan lain yaitu lignin dan hemiselulose. Hemiselulose terdiri atas 2-7 residu gula yang berbeda. Hemiselulose berbeda dengan selulosa karena komposisinya teridiri atas berbagai unit gula, disebabkan rantai molekul yang pendek dan percabangan rantai molekul Lignin adalah polimer aromatic kompleks yang terbentuk melalui polimerisasi tiga dimensi dari sinamil alcohol (turunan fenil propane) dengan bobot melekul mencapai 11.000. Dengan kata lain, lignin adalah makromolekul dari polifenil.
Dalam jumlah yang ekstrim berlebihan menimbulkan bau dan mencemari lingkungan Mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem Berpeluang menjadi sarang berbagai penyakit bagi manusia, ternak, maupun menjadi sarang hama dan penyakit tanaman pertanian Membutuhkan biaya dan atau tenaga untuk pengelolaan/pembuangan
KOMPOS/MEDIA TANAM
Kompos = bahan organik yang telah mengalami dekomposisi sempurna Pupuk Organik = Pupuk yang dibuat atau berasal dari organisme hidup Kompos merupakan pupuk organik, namun pupuk organik belum tentu kompos
dari kegiatan petanian bisa mencapai 80 % dari total limbah Sektor peternakan menyumbangkan 5,27 kg/hari/ton ternak
Because of the intensification of animal production on a small area of land, there are increasing concerns about:
water quality resulting from higher nitrogen and phosphorous loadings; pathogens and antimicrobial compounds in the manure; foul odours and air quality from ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide emissions; soil quality because of potassium and phosphorous loading.
Bahan organik sangat mudah dikonversi menjadi pupuk melalui proses composting Composting merupakan proses yang amat berguna untuk memperbaiki dan menjaga daur unsur hara dalam tanah Composting menjadi menarik bagi pertanian karena teknologinya sangat mudah dan murah
kendala pengelolaan lingkungan Ada keuntungan agronomi atas penggunaan kompos Mengatasi biaya tinggi dalam pembuangan limbah
All materials necessary for composting, such as feedstock, bulking agents, water, space, air and time are already on the farm. Disposal of raw manure such as poultry waste has a negative impact on the environment. Composting reduces the weight, moisture content, odor and vector attracting qualities of manure and other farm generated wastes leading to a lower risk of pollution. Compost can be applied at convenient times of the year because it provides the farmer with greater scheduling flexibility. While an untreated waste must be applied and incorporated promptly to prevent nitrogen loss and nuisance conditions, compost is stable and can be stored safely.
Compost is an excellent soil conditioner. When applied to cropland compost adds organic matter improving moisture retention and soil structure, and reduces fertilizer requirements and the potential for soil erosion. Both compost and raw manure are good conditioners with some fertiliser value. Composting, however, converts the nitrogen contained in the manure into a more stable form. The nitrogen in compost is less susceptible to leaching and further ammonia losses. Highly bedded manure can have a high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. When applying this manure directly to land the high carbon causes the nitrogen in the soil to become unavailable to the crop. Composting reduces the C/N ratio to levels that are beneficial to plants.
Composting, if done properly, is an effective method of destroying pathogens. Properly prepared compost has been found to reduce soil borne plant diseases. The heat generated by the composting process reduces the number of weed seeds contained in the manure, resulting in a significant reduction of weeds over several years of application
The high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of compost leads to increased efficiency of chemical fertilizers by reducing nutrient leaching. Composting reduces the amount of on-farm organic waste that would have gone for disposal, thus decreasing waste collection, transport and disposal costs. Compost is a safe and effective bedding material for livestock. Zehnder et al., (1998) reported benefits of using compost as bedding material in cattle feedlots.
Organic waste can generate an income by selling the compost. Good markets can be found for high quality compost and there are a many uses for lower grade compost. Composting is one of the few methods available for quickly creating a soil-like material on eroded land. Soil erosion has a direct financial impact on food production and the economy. Furthermore, eroded lands can lead to the pollution of surface water because of agricultural runoff from croplands
PROSES COMPOSTING
the
Pengertian Composting
Key Parameter
Mikroorganisme C/N
Proses Composting
Parameter Fisik
Temperatur
Ukkuran Porositas
partikel
Struktur
Texture
Peran Mikroorganisme
Ada
C/N Ratio
Proses
Efektif Jika C/N ratio 25 -40 Optimum pada C/N ratio 30 C/N terlalu tinggi proses lambat C/N terlalu rendah banyak N terbuang sebagai amonia atau nitrat
Temperatur
Suplai Oksigen
Composting
adalah proses aerob Composting heap harus memungkinkan pergerakan O2 dari atmosfir ke dalam tumpukan kompos Kadar O2 10 -15 % Kelebihan oksigen menunjukan over-circulating, biasanya menyebabkan penurunan suhu Kekurangan oksigen menjadi kompos anaerob dan menimbulkan bau
Range of values
45 - 65 >5 40 - 65 20:1 35:1 3-13 5.5-9.0
Preferred range
55 - 60 > 12 50 - 60 25:1 6.5-8.0
Temperature ( C) Oxygen concentration (%) Moisture content (% ww) C/N ratio Particle size (mm) PH
(Kotoran ternak): Catle Manure, Poultry Manure, Swine Manure Limbah rumah tangga Sisa Makanan, Campuran, Sampah Kebun, Bahan-bahan lain dari sisa-sisa tanaman Limbah industri kayu, kertas dan kardus, Limbah dari sayuran dan buah-buahan
C/N ratio
Structure
untuk membuat bahan menjadi ideal untuk proses composting Komponen untuk campuran kompos: Bahan pokok Suplemen/ Amandment Agent Bulking Agent Aditive Inokulan Activator Pengatur pH
Typical (weeks)
Curing (weeks)
26 - 52
36
18
Manure+ bedding
10-12
4-8
ASP
Bio-solids + woodchips
3-5
4-8
Ada 3 tahap proses composting: Pre-process Composting Active Composting Curing Phase
Pre-processing
Pre-processing or preparation of feedstock usually is necessary to create suitable conditions for bacterial action. It consists of three separate types of operation: separation or removal of oversize and dangerous materials and materials that cannot be composted; size reduction through chipping, grinding or shredding to create small particles; blending to adjust the carbon/nitrogen ratio, moisture content or structure of the materials to be composted.
Active Composting
Dimulai setelah dilakukan heap Tempertur naik dan mikroorganisme berkembang Perlu pengontrolan oksigen dengan cara pembalikan dapat juga dengan aerated system Temperatur merupakan indikator pertumbuhan mikrobia
Curing
Kematangan kompos sangat penting untuk meng optimalkan fungsi kesuburan dan perbaikan kualitas tanah Kematangan kommpos juga mengacu pada kesehatan tanaman Kompos yang dibuat dari bahan yang baik sekalipun akan berakibat buruk bagi tanaman jika digunakan sebelum matang
Curing
Compost must be cured for a minimum of 21 days
and must not reheat upon standing to greater than 20oC Compost must be cured a minimum of 21 days and organic matter must be reduced by at least 60 percent by weight Compost must be cured for a six month period In the absence of other tests, the six months curing period under proper conditions can be considered sufficient to achieve maturity
COMPOST INDICAITORS
Compost is deemed mature if it meets two of the following requirements: 1. C/N ratio <=25 2. Oxygen uptake less than 150 mg O2/kg organic matter per hour 3. Germination of cress or radish seeds in compost is equal to more than 90 percent of that of a control sample, and plant growth rate in soil/compost mix is not less than 50 percent of that of a control sample
Particle size
Karakteristik Kimiawi
Dry weight
<1% up to 4.5% 0.5% to 1% 0.8% to 1%
Calcium
Magnesium
2% to 3%
2% to 3%
30 50 % pH 6-8 Soluble Salt 2 4 mmhos/cm Kadungan Bahan Organik 50 60 % WHC > 100 %
air
Karakteristik Biologis
Stabilitas
Stabilitas
Ditententukan
aktivitas biologisnya atas sampel kompos yang cukup air dan oksigennya dalam keadaan dimana suhu tidak terlalu tinggi (> 50 C) dan tdk terlalu rendah (< 20 C) Ukuran yang dipakai adalah: Panas yang dihasilkan Pemakaian Oksigen dan Produksi CO2
0.5 1.0
Stable
1.0 1.5
Moderately stable
1.5 2.0
Unstable compost
Germination Test
The germination test is used to determine stability and maturity. The cress seed germination test entails the germination of water cress seeds in a 5 percent compost water extract (on a weight basis) A germination index is produced by taking the product of percent germination and root elongation and dividing by 100. An index below 60 indicates the compost is stable.
Compost Maturity
Very Immature
C/N ratio greater than 25, and/or stability test is greater than 12, and/or NH4 is greater than 500 and no nitrate present. Unstable compost Odors likely High toxicity potential Immobilization (tie-up) of available nitrogen Stability test greater than 6 and less than 8 and/or when nitrate is detected and is greater than 25 ppm N. Cured compost Odor production not likely Limited toxicity potential Positive impact on available soil nitrogen Well-cured compost No continued decomposition No odors
Immature
Moderately Mature
Mature
Very Mature
Phosphate (mg/L)
Potassium (mg/L) Maturity Organic matter % pH Foreign matter
<1200
<2000 * >15 Declared Maximum 0.5% >2mm
<800
<1500 * >20 5-2.7 Maximum 0.5% >2mm
80-2500
500-2000 Solvita 7-8 >30 06-Jul (1%) 2mm
COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY
Teknologi composting dapat diklasifikasi menjadi: Close/Open Composting Batch/Continues Composting Small/Large Scale Composting Pemhasan akan didasarkan pada klasifikasi atas dasar Small/Large Scale Composting
kecil Dilakukan dengan cara heap didalam/dipermukaan tanah, dalam tong, dalam kranjang, atau dalam drum Teknologi yang dipakai didasarkan pada ketersediaan ruang, jenis bahan baku, lingkungan, dan saran yang dimiliki
Heap
Easy
Rapid
Present
6 months - 1 year
Easy
Moderate
Present
6 months - 1 year
Block/brick bin
Easy
Moderate
Present
6 months 1 year
Drums
Very easy
Very rapid
Present
2 - 4 months
Composting Technology
Windrow Composting
Dibuat
heap spt pada Passive Pile system dengan ukuran yang lebih panjang sampai 30 -40 m Ada proses pembalikan secara teratur minimal 1 x seminggu Bisa dilakukan di open area atau beratap bergantung pada iklim Durasi proses 5 10 minngu tergantung pada bahan baku dan frekuensi pembalikan
Windrow Composting
Materials mixed and formed into windrows Windrows 7 8 wide, 5 6 tall, varying lengths Compost turned and mixed periodically Aeration by natural/passive air movement Composting time : 3 6 months
seperti Windrow system namun aerasi dilakukan dengan memasang pipa perforasi disepanjang jalur kompos Ada fan untuk meniupkan udara ke dalam pile Laju aerasinya bergantung pada jenis bahan yang dipakai antara 200 500 m3 udara/jam Durasi proses 3 5 minggu Biaya energi untuk aerasi tinggi sehingga jarang dipakai pada skala farm
Moderate only when Minimal (odour turning absorbed in top layers) Low Moderate
High
Operation cost
Compost quality
Low
Poor
High (labour)
Moderate
Low
Low to moderate
High
Good Porosity/moisture (Pile can settle) Sludge, mixed wastes, manure
Important Porosity/stru Porosity/structure Porosity/structure parameters cture Materials targeted Leaves/yard Mixed wastes, Manure, seafood trimmings manure most widely wastes used by farmers
In-Vessel Composting
More expensive
Smaller footprint (area) Relatively high operations & maintenance costs
In-Vessel Composting
Aerated pile
In-vessel
good
complex
shortest
highest
excellent